Aorta and large conduit arteries
transports blood to tissues
under high pressure ( 100 mmHg)
low resistance
Small arteries and arterioles
control blood flow to tissue via vasoconstriction and vasodilation
major site of vascular resistance
site of action for anti-hypertensive drugs
Capillaries
site for nutrient and gas exchange between blood and tissues
Venous system
returns blood to heart
under low pressure
What is the function of the arterial system?
deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
What is the function of he venous system?
remove carbon dioxide and waste from the tissues
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
remove carbon dioxide and waste from tissues
transport: hormones= control ; wbcs: defense ;
distribute heat: temperature regulation
What is the tunica intima?
-inner layer of blood vessel, endothelium
True/False: The smooth muscle cells are circular
True
What is the tunica media?
-layer of smooth muscle cells that contract and alter vessel diameter
sympathetic nerve fibers cause vasoconstriction and vasodilation to regulate blood pressure
What is the tunica externa?
-Outermost, collagen and elastic fibers.
Which ions and how would they contribute to smooth muscle contraction?
Influx of calcium ions causes depolarization which leads to contraction
Influx of sodium ions causes depolarization which causes contraction
Efflux of chlorine ions causes depolarization which causes contraction
What is the mean pressure of the capillaries?
17 mmHg
Which ions and how do they lead to smooth muscle relaxation?
an efflux of potassium ions causes hyperpolarization which leads to relaxation of the smooth muscle
What is blood flow?
the quantity of blood that passes a given point in the circulation in a given period of time
Which cell type is organized circularly around blood vessels?
smooth muscles
True/False: endothelial cells contract
False: the endothelial cells do not contract only smooth muscle cells contract
If a person has anemia what happens to their blood flow?
They will have less red blood cells which leads to less viscosity and will cause their blood flow to be faster
If you increase the diameter of the blood vessels what happens to the blood flow?
the blood flow will increase
What happens to the blood flow with an increase in the radius of the blood vessel/
the blood flow will be increased
What happens to the baroreceptors when a person has low blood pressure?
the baroreceptors are inhibited, so their is an increase in vasomotor activity to increase the heart rate , increase the CO , and increase the resistance
What happens to the baroreceptors if a persons blood pressure is high?
baroreceptors inhibit the vasomotor center activity
True/False: an increase in vessel length leads to a decrease in blood flow
True
Laminar flow
velocity of flow in the center of the vessel is far greater than that at the outer edges
Turbulent flow
disordered flow caused by fast flow rate, obstruction in the vessel, sharp turn in the vessel, or passing over a rough surface
increases resistance
Blood flow formula
F= change in pressure/resistance
Total peripheral resistance/ systemic vascular resistance
the resistance of the entire systemic circulation
True/False: Blood flow is equivalent to cardiac output for the entire vascular system
True
What are the factors regulating vascular resistance and blood flow?
vessel diameter
hematocrit and blood viscosity
pressure
True/ False: blood flow is extremely sensitive to vessel diameter changes
True
What is the relationship between blood flow and hematocrit/blood viscosity
if there is an increase in hematocrit leads to increase in blood viscosity which increases the vascular resistance and decreases blood flow
Blood flow autoregulation
a local adaptive mechanism used by tissues in our body to maintain constant perfusion despite fluctuations in arterial pressure
occurs between 70-175 mmHg
What is autoregulation of blood flow?
local regulation of blood flow assures tissues receive the nutrients they need and assures that pressure spikes do not affect nutrient distribution
What are the acute local control of blood flow mechanisms?
metabolic theory ( vasodilator theory, oxygen lack theory)
myogenic theory
What are the long term local control of blood flow mechanisms?
angiogenesis ( increased vascularity, collateral vessels
Metabolic theory ( vasodilator theory)
the greater the rate of metabolism or the lower the availability of oxygen/nutrients, the greater to formation of vasodilators by tissues
increase tissue metabolism/ decrease oxygen deliver- decrease oxygen/ nutrients in tissue- release of vasodilators ( adenosine, ATP and ADP, CO2, histamine, K+, H+) - decreased arteriole resistance ( vasodilation) - increase in blood flow
Metabolic theory ( oxygen lack theory)
in the absence of oxygen or other nutrients required for contraction, vascular smooth muscle will relax causing vasodilation of metarterioles and precapillary sphincters
increase tissue metabolism or decreased oxygen in blood - decreased oxygen or nutrients in vessels - reduction in vascular smooth muscle contraction ( vasodilation) - opening of metarterioles and precapillary sphincters - increase in blood flow
Myogenic theory
an increase in intraluminal pressure stimulates vasoconstriction of small arteries and arterioles
caused by smooth muscle cells
maintains constant blood flow
Where is pathological alterations of myogenic tone seen?
in stroke, hypertension, and diabetes
Mechanism of myogenic response
increased intraluminal pressure= activates stretch sensors =smooth muscle cell depolarization= calcium channel activation = calcium ion influx and rise in calcium ion concentration =vasoconstriction = reduction of blood flow
decreased intraluminal pressure = stretch sensors are activated = smooth muscle cell depolarization = calcium ion channel activation = influx of calcium ions and rise in calcium ion concentration= vasodilation = increase in blood flow
Which things mediate endothelium dependent vasodilation?
NO
PGI2
SKCa and IKCaK+ channel
Which things mediate endothelial dependent vasoconstriction?
Superoxide
ET1
TxA2
What is angiogenesis?
formation of new blood vessels
What are collateral vessels?
formation of alternate flow pathways
What can lead to hypertension?
sympathetic overdrive and stress
What is the sympathetic innervation of the systemic circulation?
sympathetic nerve fibers innervate all vessel except capillaries and precapillary sphincters and some metarterioles
innervation of small arteries and arterioles allow sympathetic nerve to increase vascular resistance
large veins and heart
Vasoconstrictor area
neurons from this area excite preganglionic vasoconstrictor neurons in the SNA; CNS ischemic response
Vasodilator area
neurons project upward and inhibit the vasoconstrictor area
Sensory area ( lower pons and medulla)
receive signals from the circulatory system and output signals control vasodilator and vasoconstrictor areas
Heart control area of vasomotor center
sympathetic control through the vasoconstrictor area; parasympathetic control through the cardioinhibitory area
True/False: Higher nervous system control can excite or inhibit the vasomotor center
True
What is the baroreceptor reflex?
senses changes in the blood pressure and sends signal to CNS which initiates appropriate response to maintain nearly constant blood pressure
maintains MAP : 85-11 mmHg
True/False: baroreceptors stay the same during hypertension
false: they reset in hypertension
chemoreceptor reflexes
sense lack of oxygen , carbon dioxide excess or hydrogen ion excess and stimulates the vasomotor center
What pressure are chemoreceptors stimulated?
at 80 mmHg
True/False: There is an enhanced chemoreceptor drive in hypertension
True
When is the CNS ischemic response activated?
it is activated when pressure fall below 60 mmHg with greatest activation at 15- 20 mmHg
How does NO relaxes the blood vessel?
-NO -> GC -> cGMP -> PKG -> MLCP activation -> relaxation
What contributes to hypertension?
vasoconstriction
What is one of the most powerful activators of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor systems?
CNS ischemic response
What is CNS ischemic response?
when their is a reduced cerebral blood flow - excess CO2 buildup which stimulates the vasomotor center - which increases arterial pressure
Endothelial 1 pathway
-ET-1/TXA2/PGH2 -> Gq11 -> PLC-> IP3 -> Ca2+ rise -> Ca2+-CaM -> MLCK -> contraction
Which neurotransmitters are vasoconstrictors?
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine -Vasopressin -Endothelin
What are hormones/neurotransmitters considered vasodilators?
prostaglandins
nitric oxide
Which alpha receptor inhibits renin release in the kidney?
alpha 2
Which alpha receptor inhibits NE release in the brain?
alpha 2
Which beta receptor causes cardiac stimulation by increasing heart rate, force of contraction and conduction velocity in the heart?
beta 1
Which beta receptors cause renin release in the kidneys?
beta 1
Which beta receptor causes smooth muscle relaxation causing vasodilation and bronchodilation in the blood vessels?
beta 2
Which alpha receptors causes vasoconstriction of the blood vessels and increase resistance?
alpha 1
True/False: The beta 1 receptors cause increase in stroke volume and heart rate during cardiac stimulation
True
How does the alpha 1 receptors cause vasoconstriction in the blood vessels of the smooth muscles?
alpha 1 is coupled to the Gq protein which binds to PLC - PLC increases IP3 which stimulates and increase Ca2+ which causes vasoconstriction
How does the beta 2 receptors?
Beta 2 is coupled to Gs which stimulates release of cAMP which stimulates PKA and PKA inhibits myosin light chain kinase - which inhibits phosphates from binding to myosin which causes relaxation ( vasodilation)
How does the alpha 2 receptor cause vasodilation in the brain?
NE is inhibited which decreases sympathetic activity which causes vasodilation
True/False: An increase in SA and AV node firing cause an increase in chronotropic effect ( increase heart rate)
True
What happens to arterial pressure when blood volume increases?
arterial pressure increases
What happens to the kidney when their is an increase in arterial pressure?
causes the kidney to lose Na+ and water which returns extracellular fluid volume to normal
pressure diuresis
increased pressure causes excretion of water
Pressure naturiuresis
increased pressure causes excretion of salt
True/False: In the kidneys an increased blood volume = increase blood pressure = increased sodium excretion
True
What does the Renin- Angiotensin- Aldosterone System ( RAAS) do to the kidney?
increase water and sodium retention and increase vasoconstriction
What binds to AT1 ( Gq) receptors on the vascular smooth muscles and causes vasoconstriction?
Ang II