Animal Behavior Exam 1

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
Get a hint
Hint

Behavior

1 / 67

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

68 Terms

1

Behavior

coordinated responses of whole living organisms to internal and/or external stimuli.

New cards
2

What influences behavior?

Behavior is shaped by powerful selective forces and plasticity that allows individual learning. This helps optimize an individual's fitness and shapes species' life histories over time.

New cards
3

Ethology

study of an animal’s behavior in its natural environment. It focuses on what animals do, how and why they do it, and is observational, descriptive, mechanistic, and rooted in evolution.

New cards
4

Behaviorism

study of behavior linked by conditioning—a simple form of learning to generate behavior. It is often experimental and has roots in psychology.

New cards
5

Behavioral ecology

studies how behavior evolves in relation to ecological conditions, such as physical and social environments.

New cards
6

sociobiology

scientific study of the biological, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of social behavior in animals and humans.

New cards
7

conservation behavior

the application of animal behavior knowledge to solve wildlife conservation problems.

New cards
8

natural selection

process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

New cards
9

Adaptation

change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.

New cards
10

How is natural selection related to instinct

Natural selection favors animals that leave the most offspring, often influencing instinctual behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction.

New cards
11

How is adaptation related to behavior

Adaptation is as much behavioral as it is morphological and physiological.

New cards
12

Consciousness

state of being awake and aware of one’s surroundings.

New cards
13

Cognition

mental ability to separate oneself from the moment, contemplate the past and future, and adjust present actions.

New cards
14

What is the difference between consciousness and cognition

Consciousness is about awareness, while cognition is about knowing and thinking. Both are used as measures of animal intelligence.

New cards
15

Anthropomorphism

attributing human traits or emotions to animals, such as inferring an animal's mental state from its behavior based on what a human would feel.

New cards
16

Umwelt

refers to understanding the sensory-perceptual world of an organism—the unique world that each individual inhabits.

New cards
17

Innate behavior

automatic, hereditary, and does not require conscious thought. It is triggered by specific stimuli and is performed the same way every time.

New cards
18

Learned behavior

comes from experience or teaching. It generally improves with practice and helps individuals respond better to specific situations.

New cards
19

Timbergen’s 4 questions

  1. What is the mechanism that produces a behavior? (causation)

  2. How does a behavior develop? (ontogeny)

  3. What is the survival value of a behavior?

  4. How did the behavior evolve from an ancestral state?

New cards
20

Fixed action pattern

innate and coordinated patterning of muscle movements which proceed to completion when released

New cards
21

Supernormal stimuli

inherently unnatural stimuli that triggers a release in a behavior

New cards
22

Double-blind experimentation

neither the subject or experimenter know the correct response

New cards
23

mRNA

Messenger ribonucleic acid- transport of nucleotide coding for a protein to the ribosome and synthesizing a protein

New cards
24

Gene

sequence of nucleotides in DNA forming part of chromosome; unit of heredity

New cards
25

Allele

alternative forms of a gene

New cards
26

Genotype

genetic constitution of an individual organism; sum total of all the alleles at all the loci in an organism

New cards
27

Phenotype

outward manifestation of a trait- actual behavior, morphology, physiology

New cards
28

Neural system

  • collect info and organize response

  • all behavior is organized by nervous system-physiological key to animal behavior

  • where learning meets genetics

New cards
29

Endocrine system

  • chemical messengers of the body

  • transmit signals from glands to organs via body fluids

  • long-term regulation

  • short-term response

  • hormone mothership-hypothalamus + pituitary gland

New cards
30

3 interacting components of the Neuro-endocrine system

  1. sensory input system

  2. central nervous system &/or endocrine system

  3. output systems (e.g. muscles)

New cards
31

Resting potential

electrical difference between inside/outside of a nerve cell when no pulse is being transmitted

New cards
32

Action potential

wave of cell membrane depolarization triggered by release of neurotransmitter from synaptic terminals

New cards
33

Afferent (sensory) neurons

neurons that carry signals from a receptor organ at the periphery toward the CNS

New cards
34

Efferent (motor) neurons

axons that carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands (making use of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine)

New cards
35

Interneurons

interactive mid-way neurons that process the sensory inputs and determine the motor response

New cards
36

CNS

concentration of key elements of the nervous system where incoming information is organized, prioritized, and translated to decisions

New cards
37

Neuroethology

study of neural mechanisms of natural behaviors

New cards
38

Johnston’s Organ

auditory organ in many insect species

New cards
39

Algesiometry

measurement of pain in humans and animals

New cards
40

Nociceptor

sensory neuron that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending “possible treat” signals to the CNS

New cards
41

AWA

regulates the treatment of animals in research, teaching, testing, exhibition, and transportation that is enforced by USDA, APHIS, and IACUC

New cards
42

3 R’s of Animal Welfare

Refinement, Replacement, Reduction

New cards
43

Refinement

methods that minimize or alleviate potential pain and distress and enhance animal well-being (e.g. reducing handling time, alternatives to blood sampling, limiting activities during sensitive life history moments) MOST IMPORTANT TO WILDLIFE RESEARCH

New cards
44

Replacement

methods that replace or avoid the use of animals. examples include the use of alternatives methods or the replacement of higher-order animals such as mammals with “lower” animals

New cards
45

Reduction

methods that obtain comparable levels of info from the use of fewer animals; or, more information from a given number of animals so that fewer animals are needed to complete a research project

New cards
46

Humane Endpoint

a predetermined early indicator or symptom that precedes more severe suffering

New cards
47

Animal Rights

belief that animals have the right to live as they choose, without being used by humans for their own benefit

New cards
48

What is the mechanism that produces a behavior

proximate (genes)

New cards
49

How did the behavior evolve from an ancestral state?

Ultimate (genes)

New cards
50

Proximate

the immediate cause/current behavioral mechanism

New cards
51

Ultimate

long-term cause/evolutionary history

New cards
52

Conditions for Natural Selection

  1. There is variation among individuals within populations

  2. Variation is “heritable”

  3. Variation leads to differences in survival and reproduction among individuals in the population (i.e. variable fitness)

New cards
53

Heritability

proportion of phenotypic variation explained by genetic variation

New cards
54

Adaptation

changes (physiological, behavioral) brought about by the process of natural selection

New cards
55

Evolution

change in the frequencies of different alleles in a population of organisms over generations

New cards
56

Polygenic behavior

takes many genes working in coordination to generate a specific behavior

New cards
57

Stabilizing selection

selective pressure toward average phenotype

New cards
58

Directional selection

selective pressure toward one extreme

New cards
59

Disruptive selection

selective pressure toward differential extremes

New cards
60

Artificial Selection

process of humans deliberately choosing certain varieties of an organism over others by implementing breeding programs that favor such varieties

New cards
61

biological rhythms

behavioral or physiological attribute that changes over time on a predictable cycle

New cards
62

circadian rhythm

behavioral or physiological attribute that changes over time on a predictable cycle

New cards
63

circannual rhythm

seasonal biorhythm often tied to “biological clocks” (hibernation, migration, etc.)

New cards
64

circalunidian rhythm

biorhythm tied to 28-29 day cycle of moon (intertidal organisms)

New cards
65

Spring tide

sun and moon gravitational field aligns (full or new moon)

New cards
66

neap tide

moon and sun at right angles (quarter moon)

New cards
67

Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (SCN)

region of brain in hypothalamus in mammals, closely linked to endocrine system and master control of biological clock

New cards
68

trophic mismatch

when 2 interacting species from different trophic levels show different responses to climate change

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 37 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 22 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 23 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 19 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 43 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 455 people
... ago
5.0(2)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (122)
studied byStudied by 10 people
... ago
4.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (105)
studied byStudied by 20 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (76)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (51)
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (77)
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (45)
studied byStudied by 2 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (31)
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (162)
studied byStudied by 42 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot