Personality Psychology (PSY 374) Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing key vocabulary and concepts from Personality Psychology (PSY 374) Chapters 13-16.

Learning

The process of acquiring new knowledge, skills, or behaviors through experience, study, or being taught.

Behaviorism

A theoretical perspective in psychology that emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Positive Punishment

Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative Punishment

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Learned Helplessness

A condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, resulting from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed.

Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

Emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others.

Self-efficacy

One's belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

Goals

Cognitive representations of desired future states.

Proximal Goals

Short-term goals that are relatively concrete and specific.

Distal Goals

Long-term goals that are more abstract and general.

Idiographic Goals

Goals that are unique to the individual.

Nomothetic Goals

Goals that are common to all people.

Implicit Theories (Dweck)

Beliefs about the nature of intelligence and abilities.

Entity (Fixed) Mindset

The belief that intelligence and abilities are fixed and unchangeable.

Incremental (Growth) Mindset

The belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through effort and learning.

Judgment Goals

Seeking to judge or validate an attribute you have.

Development Goals

Desire to actually improve oneself, to become smarter, more athletic or more socially skilled.

Defensive Pessimism

A strategy of anticipating failure and mentally preparing for negative outcomes.

Hedonic Happiness

Happiness derived from pleasure and enjoyment.

Eudaimonic Happiness

Happiness derived from a sense of meaning and purpose in life.

Circumplex Model of Affect

A model of emotion that describes affective states along two dimensions: valence and arousal.

Declarative Knowledge

Knowledge that can be consciously recalled and described.

Explicit Self-Esteem

A person's conscious and deliberate evaluation of his or her self-worth.

Procedural Knowledge

Knowledge of how to do things; expressed in behaviors rather than words.

Implicit Self-Esteem

A person's unconscious and automatic evaluation of his or her self-worth.

Narrative Knowledge

An individual’s memories, stories and overall life experiences.

Self-Enhancement

The desire to maintain or increase one's positive self-views.

Self-Verification

The desire to maintain consistent and coherent self-views.

Self-Assessment

The desire to obtain accurate information about oneself.

Self-Schemas (Markus)

Cognitive generalizations about the self, derived from past experience, that organize and guide the processing of self-related information.

Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgins)

A theory that describes the psychological consequences of discrepancies between actual, ideal, and ought selves.

Attachment Styles (Ainsworth)

Patterns of relating to others that are developed in early childhood.

Interpersonal Relationships

Associations between people, ranging from brief encounters to enduring bonds.

Rejection Sensitivity

The tendency to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and overreact to rejection.

Personality Disorders

Enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture and are inflexible and pervasive.

Ego-Dystonic

Experiences or aspects of a person's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are viewed as repugnant, distressing, unacceptable or inconsistent with one's self-concept.

Ego-Syntonic

Behaviours, values, feelings are in harmony with or acceptable to the needs and goals of the ego, and are consistent with one's ideal self-image.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, and marked impulsivity.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

A personality disorder characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.

Know the 3 Big Five traits that are correlated to all four disorder

Low Conscientiousness – Negative correlation

Low Agreeableness – Negative correlation

High Neuroticism – Positive correlation

Trait Correlated with Nicotine and Cannaibus Only

Low Extraversion – Negative correlation
(This means individuals with lower extraversion are more likely to have nicotine dependence and cannabis use disorder.

Trait Correlated with cannaibus Only

Low Openness – Negative correlation

Trait Correlated with Gambling Disorder (GD) in Women Only:

High Extraversion – Positive correlation