Cellular Respirations/ATP/Anaerobic Respirations Study Guide

glycolysis

2 ATP molecules are used at the start of glycolysis to get the process started. High-energy electrons are passed to the electron carrier NAD+ forming two molecules of NADH. 4 ATP are synthesized during glycolysis for a net gain of 2 ATP.

Krebs Cycle (citric acid)

Pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters mitochondria. Pyruvic acid molecules are broken down into carbon dioxide and acetyl-CoA molecules. Acetyl-CoA combines with a 4-carbon compound, producing a 6-carbon molecule—citric acid. Energy released by the breaking and rearranging of carbon bonds is captured in ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The Krebs cycle produces four types of products:

•high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)

•carbon dioxide

•2 ATP molecules (per glucose molecule)

•the 4-carbon molecule needed to start the cycle again

Cellular Respirations Equation

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP (36-38)

C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+Energy (ATP)

Where does CO2 come from?

CO2 is produced during the Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

The electron carriers produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle bring high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. The passing of electrons through the electron transport chain causes H+ ions to build up in th intermembrane space, making it positively charged relative to the matrix. The charge difference across the membrane forces H+ ions through channels in enzymes known as ATP synthases. As the ATP synthases spin, a phosphate group is added to ADP, generating ATP.

How much ATP does Cellular Respirations generate?

36 ATP

Fermentation

releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP without

oxygen. Cells convert NADH to the electron carrier NAD+. This allows glycolysis to produce a steady stream of ATP (anaerobic)

Lactic Acid Fermentation

lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid that occurs in most organisms, including humans, used to produce beverages such as buttermilk and foods such as cheese, yogurt, and pickles, causes burning in the muscles

Alcoholic Fermentation

produces ethyl alcohol, NAD+ and carbon dioxide occurs in yeast and a few other microorganisms, produces alcoholic beverages and causes bread dough to rise

What does our body use for short, quick bursts of energy?

the body uses ATP already in muscles as well as ATP made by lactic acid fermentation

What does our body use for exercise longer than 90 seconds?

cellular respiration is the only way to continue generating a supply of ATP.

Where does glycolysis occur?

in the cytoplasm

What is produced from glycolysis?

A NET gain of 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules.

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

In the Mitochondria

What is produced from the Krebs Cycle?

CO2, 2 ATP, NADH and FADH2

Where is the electron transport chain?

In the inner mitochondrial membrane.

What is produced from the electron transport chain?

H2O and 32 ATP

When does Lactic acid Fermentation occur?

It occurs during anaerobic respiration when oxygen is limited, such as during intense exercise. 2 ATP produced

Pyruvate + NADH -> Lactic acid + NAD+

When does alcoholic fermentation occur?

It occurs during anaerobic conditions, in yeast and some bacteria, producing ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide along with 2 ATP.

Pyruvate + NADH → Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

aerobic

needs oxygen

anaerobic

does not require oxygen

Fermentation is

anaerobic

Lactic acid example

yogurt

Alcoholic fermentation example

bread

What are 2 disadvantages to Fermantation?

It doesn't produce a lot of ATP and it produces a toxic byproduct.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light Energy → Glucose + Oxygen.

What type of activities do muscles use Carbs for?

Energy during high-intensity exercise - sprinting

What type of activities do muscles use Fats for?

Energy during prolonged, low-intensity exercise - running a marathon

How long does it take for carbs to convert into usable energy?

Generally within 15-60 minutes after consumption, converts quickly

How long does it take for fats to convert into usable energy?

Generally takes several hours following consumption, as they convert more slowly than carbohydrates.

There is less energy contained in 1 gram

Carbohydrate

There is more energy contained in 1 gram

fats

Carbs produce less …

ATP because they use less oxygen compared to fats

Glycolysis provides the pyruvic acid molecules used in fermentation

True

Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue by providing the NAD+ needed to accept high-energy electrons

True

Fermentation is a anaerobic process

True

Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm

true

Alcoholic fermentation gives off carbon Dioxide and is used in making bread

true

Most organisms perform fermentation using a chemical reactions that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid

true

Fermentation function

Produce ATP without oxygen

Cellular respiration

Produce ATP with oxygen

What causes humans to become lactic acid fermenters?

due to anaerobic conditions during intense exercise, leading to insufficient oxygen for aerobic respiration

Where does the energy used to make ADP into ATP come from?

The breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration. Energy is stored in the bonds of bio-molecules like carbs and lipids

ATP structure

adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups linked by high-energy bonds.

Ribose is a

carbohydrate or sugar

When joining adenine to ribose you have to take out what?

Hydroxide and Hydrogen which form a water molecule H2O

What is required for the chemical combination of adenine ribose and 3 phosphates?

energy

When you change ATP to ADP what is released?

A phosphate group and energy

When you change ADP to ATP what is used and released?

A phosphate group and energy is used

Energy can be

recycled

Phosphates in ATP are joined by what?

high-energy bonds