qualitative designs: using words to provide evidence

qualitative research

• focuses on words to understand and give meaning to phenomenon or event

• inductive

• useful to answer descriptive and exploratory ?’s

sampling - population

sample going to be small, about 10 participants

puposive sampling

• non-probability sampling

• involves selecting participants based on specific characteristics

snowball sampling

• non-probability sampling

• uses small group of initial participants to recruit more participants

collecting data

• in-depth interview

• direct observation

• artifacts

in-depth interview

• main way to collect data

• uses certain guide to follow and ask open-ended ?’s

• need uninterrupted time; could take up an hour

• typically record convo

• get transcript and have to analyze

field work

time you are going to spend w/ participants

direct observation

observing individuals in natural habitat

artifacts

look back in history (old newspaper articles, material from past, past journal writings)

analyzing and interpreting data

• involves description, data reduction, analysis, and interpretation

• includes: immersion w/ data, use of memoing, bracketing

immersion w/ data

spend a lot of time w/ data and fully immerse yourself in info and evidence

memoing

act of recording reflective notes ab what the researcher (fieldwork, data coder, and/or analyst) is learning from data

memoing uses

• record data not ascertained directly from interview ?’s

• note patterns arising in data (initial, informal analysis)

• make notes of deviations/changes to experimental procedure

bracketing

• helps avoid bias that researcher might have into research process and analysis

• helps complete self-reflection and prevent bias

data coding

1. researchers carefully read dataset

2. once familarized, researchers identify small meaning units called “codes”

3. codes are tags or labels assigned to whole documents or segments to help catalogue key concepts

4. codes are grouped based on shared concepts to form primary categories or themes

qualitative researchers work in teams when coding to…

1. reach consensus ab coding

2. identify and/or minimize potential researcher bais

3. maximize openness to expressed idea

four essential elemens of evaluation

• credibility

• transferability

• dependability

• confirmability

credibility

believability of findings

Ex: persistent observation, peer debriefing, referntial adquacy, member check

transferability

• thick descriptions

• adequate samples

• data saturation

dependability

audit trail - gives a detail description of everything that was completed during research process

confirmability

member checks

four major types of qualitative research

• phenomenology

• grounded theory

• ethnograohy

• historical

phenomenological research

• studying lived experience (what is meaning of..?)

• case studies

• data obtained from fieldwork and in-depth interviews

grounded theory research

• discovery of process of something (what is process of…?)

• creating theory through induction

• less review of literature b4 study - comparitive analysis

• obtained thru interviews

ethnographic research

• understanding culture & classifying knowledge

• ethnoscience and ethononursing

• particpant observation and direction personal involvement over time

• consider participants emic (insider view) perspective from researchers etic (outsider view) perspective

• constant comparison method used w/ data collection

enthonursing

how we study and classify nursing care beliefs, values, and practices in a specific culture

historical research

• learning from past

• strategic sampling

• eyewitness accounts and documentation

• central themes identified from disciplines reflection after data collection

2 major categories for ethical consideration

1. those that have to do w/ relationship btwn researcher and participant

2. those that involve procedures to handle data