Chapter 9 - Respiration (copy)

Anaerobic respiration

________ in humans can only be sustained for a short time before the body needs to recover.

E

(________) Bronchi- Branches repeatedly within the lungs to produce numerous finer tubes called bronchioles.

Emphysema

________ is caused by exposure to toxic chemicals, e.g.

Waste products

________ vary from organism to organism.

Respiration

________ is carried out in a complicated series of reactions involving enzymes.

amino acids

Proteins from ________, hormones, enzymes (b) Cell growth and division: synthesis of new protoplasm and genetic material (c) Muscular contraction, both voluntary (involving skeletal muscles) and involuntary (cardiac muscle and smooth muscle i.e.

thoracic cavity

The ________ decreases in volume.

impotence

(Iii) Increases risk of stroke, heart attack and ________.

Energy

________ released from respiration is used for: (a) Synthesising complex molecules from simpler molecules i.e.

F

(________) Lungs- Located in the pleural cavity, they are enclosed by the pleura, a two- layered membrane structure.

Ii

(________) Reduces efficiency of blood to transport oxygen.

Aerobic respiration

________ is the oxidation of glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen to release a large amount of energy, with carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

bicarbonate ions

70 % is transported as ________ in the blood.

thin film of water

They are covered with a(n) ________ to allow oxygen to dissolve and subsequently diffuse in solution across the cell surface membranes.

Trachea

(D) ________- A tube supported by C- shaped cartilage connecting the larynx and the lungs.

cartilage

The C- shaped ________ prevents the trachea from collapsing as the air pressure in the lungs changes.

intercostal muscles

The ________ and the diaphragm work together to change the volume of the chest cavity (thoracic cavity)

lung disease

It is a(n) ________ characterised by the permanent enlargement of air spaces due to a destruction of alveolar walls.

bronchioles

The ________ at the end of the branching terminate in clusters of air sacs called alveoli.

blood capillaries

They are well- supplied with ________ which transport away diffused oxygen and supply carbon dioxide for excretion.

ribs

The lungs are protected by the ________ which extend from the backbone to the sternum (breast bone)

mitochondria of cells

It occurs within the ________.

Nasal

(A) ________ passages- Passages leading from the nostrils lined with a moist mucous membrane.

Oxygen uptake

________ and carbon dioxide removal is impaired and severe breathlessness is experienced.

Chronic bronchitis

________ is caused by irritation to the respiratory lining of the airways, resulting in inflammation.

internal intercostal muscles contract

The ________ while the external intercostal muscles relax, moving the ribs downwards and inwards.

mucus

The ________ traps dust, pollen and other particles and the cilia sweeps it upwards into the pharynx to be swallowed into the oesophagus.

interconversion of carbon dioxide

It catalyses the ________ with water to give carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions.

walls of the alveoli

The ________ are one- cell thick, resulting in a small distance for diffusion.

chest cavity

The inner layer is in contact with the lungs while the other layer adheres to the wall of the ________.

human respiratory system

The ________ consists of:

external intercostal muscles contract

The ________ while the internal intercostal muscles relax.

respiratory passage

During inhalation, air passes through the ________ in the order: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

diaphragm

The ________ is a sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity.

energy

Some ________ is also released as heat during respiration.

anaerobic respiration

When ________ occurs, there is a build up of lactic acid in the muscle cells.

Anaerobic respiration

________ is the breakdown of glucose molecules in the absence of oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration

________ in humans primarily occurs in the muscle cells.

(a) Nasal passages

Passages leading from the nostrils lined with a moist mucous membrane

(b) Pharynx

Common passage for the opening of the oesophagus and the trachea

(c) Larynx

Voice box containing vocal cords

(d) Trachea

A tube supported by C-shaped cartilage connecting the larynx and the lungs

(f) Lungs

Located in the pleural cavity, they are enclosed by the pleura, a two-layered membrane structure

During inhalation, air passes through the respiratory passage in the order

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Mechanism of conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions

(a) Carbon dioxide from respiring cells diffuses into blood plasma and then into red blood cells

In the lungs

(a) Hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse back into red blood cells where they combine with hydrogen ions released from haemoglobin to form carbonic acid

Energy released from respiration is used for

(a) Synthesising complex molecules from simpler molecules i.e

proteins from amino acids, hormones, enzymes (b) Cell growth and division

synthesis of new protoplasm and genetic material (c) Muscular contraction, both voluntary (involving skeletal muscles) and involuntary (cardiac muscle and smooth muscle i.e

The equation for anaerobic respiration in humans is

C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3 (lactic acid) + energy