WHAP Chapter 30 Overview (Part 1 + 2)

What did De Gouge campaign fervently for?

To raise the standing of women in French society

What famous document did she publish in 1791?

A declaration of the rights of woman and the female citizen this document claimed the same rights for women that revolutionary leaders had granted to men in august 1789

Global result 1: what did the late 18th century and early 19th century revolutions spread?

A cluster of enlightenment ideas concerning freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty

Where did political authority arise from according to revolutionary leaders?

The people

Global result 2: what did revolutions encourage?

The consolidation of national states as the principal form of political organization

What type of states did nationalist sentiments cause problems for?

Multicultural states like the Austrian empire

What 2 states were unified by nationalist sentiments in the 19th century (1800s)?

Italy and Germany

According to popular sovereignty, where does legitimate political authority reside?

Not in kings, but rather in the people who make up a society

What was the most common form of government by far?

Hierarchical rule flowing from a king or emperor

Who would kings identify with in order to justify (legitimize) their rule?

Deities that, or they claimed divine sanction for their authority

Define sovereignty.

Political supremacy and the authority to rule

What did Chinese dynasties claim to justify their sovereignty?

They claimed to rule in accordance with the "mandate of heaven"

Who regarded governments as a contract between the rulers and the ruled?

The philosophes of the 17th and 18th centuries

What personal rights did individuals retain according to Locke?

Life, liberty, and property

What man believed that any ruler who violated individuals' personal rights could be disposed of (removed)?

English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704)

From whom did rulers derive their authority according to Locke?

The consent of those whom they governed

What did the French philosophe Voltaire resent in particular?

The persecution of religious minorities and the censorship of royal officials

What philosophe identified with the working people and resented the privileges of the elite?

The French Swiss thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

In what book did Rousseau argue that all members of society were collectively sovereign?

In his influential book The Social Contract (1762)

In an ideal society, who would directly formulate policy and create laws?

All individuals

What type of society did philosophes not envision? *This is very important!!

A society in which they would share political rights with women, children, peasants, laborers, slaves, or people of color

What brought prosperity to the 13 British American colonies?

Trade

What did victory in the 7 years' war ensure?

Britain dominates global trade, and its possessions prosper

What weren't north American colonists very satisfied with after the mid-1760s?

British imperial rule

What did navigation laws require? *They were neglected for a number of years.

Cargoes to travel in British ships and clear British customs

How did the colonists respond to British policies?

They argued that they should govern their own affairs rather than following instructions from London

From what did the declaration of independence draw inspiration?

Enlightenment political thought in justifying the colonies' quest for independence

What did john Locke's contractual theory of government argue for?

For individuals to establish governments to their personal rights and for governments to derive their power and authority from "the consent of the governed."

What 4 groups were not granted full rights?

Landless men, women, slaves, and indigenous peoples

Which revolution was a more radical affair?

The French revolution

What was the name of the "old order" that French revolutionaries repudiated (rejected)?

The ancien régime

What put France on the road to revolution? *This is very typical!!

Serious fiscal problems

Who did not want to pay their fair share in taxes to pay off the government debt?

Aristocrats

What was the name of the legislative assembly that louis was forced to summon?

The estates general, an assembly that represented the entire French population through groups known as estates

What social class made up the first estate? how many?

Roman catholic clergy; 100,000

What social class made up the second estate? how many?

Nobles; 400,000

Who made up the third estate? why didn't the numerical advantage of the third estate offer no advantage in the estates general?

The rest of the population—about 24 million

serfs, free peasants, and urban residents ranging from laborers, artisans, and shopkeepers, to physicians, bankers, and attorneys

- because voting took place by estate—one vote for each—not by individuals.

What did the 3rd estate demand at the estates general?

Sweeping political and social reform

Where did the 3rd estate declare themselves the national assembly?

At an indoor tennis court

What royal arsenal and jail did the French storm in search of weapons on July 14th, 1789?

The Bastille

What (AP-required) document was outlined in the national assembly's program? *Promulgated in august 1789.

The Declaration of The Rights of Man and The Citizen

What did the document in question #50 (the declaration of the rights of man and the citizen) proclaim, declare, and assert?

It proclaimed the equality of all men, declared that sovereignty resided in the people, and asserted individual rights to liberty, property, and security

What did the assembly abolish?

The old social order along with the many fees and labor services that peasants owed to their landlords

How did the assembly alter the role of the church (catholic)? *4 changes! role of religion is important in the CED.

They seized church lands, abolished the first estate, defined clergy as civilians, and required clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the state

What type of authority did the constitution deprive the king of?

Legislative authority

What so-called "humane" device was invented to root out enemies at home?

*Louis's credibility was undermined by:

1. his reluctance to approve the constitution.

2. his support of the church.

3. his attempt to escape from Paris.

4. Marie Antoinette's Austrian heritage.

5. her extravagance.

The guillotine

What did the radicals, Robespierre, and the Jacobins do to eliminate Christianity's influence? hint: churches and priests.

They closed churches and forced priests to take wives

What did the radicals (Robespierre/Jacobins) promote as an alternative to Christianity?

A new "cult of reason"

How did the Jacobins reorganize the calendar? *How did they make it less Christian?

They kept months of 30 days but replaced 7-day weeks with 10-day units that recognized no day of religious observance

What type of clothing were citizens encouraged to wear (to show off their revolutionary zeal)?

Working-class clothes

After executing 1000s in 1793-94, what eventually happened to Robespierre?

*Conservative men will seize power and create a middle-of-road government called the directory (1795-99).

He was arrested along with his allies, was convicted of tyranny, and sent to the guillotine

Who will stage a coup d'état and seize power in November 1799?

Napoleon Bonaparte

What did napoleon bring to a land that was torn by revolution? *People prefer this over chaos!!

Political stability

What did become the preferred faith under Napoleon? *religion = social glue of society!!

Roman Catholic Christianity

What did napoleon's civil code give to all adult men?

*Note that napoleon was not committed to intellectual freedom. he censored newspapers, employed secret police, used propaganda to manipulate public opinion, ignored elective bodies, and set up a family dynasty.

**observe the map on page 819. napoleon created an empire in much of Europe. 1st since roman empire.

It affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men

- It also established a merit-based society in which individuals qualified for education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social standing

When (the event) did napoleon's empire begin to unravel?

***to make a long story short, a coalition of countries will gang up on napoleon in 1814 and defeat him. he will be exiled to the island of Elba. he will return and be defeated at waterloo. he will be exiled to St. Helena.

1812 invasion of Russia

What ideals appealed to peoples in Europe/ the Americas?

Enlightenment Ideals: Freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty

Where did euro-American leaders mount independence movements?

In central and South America

Who did social reformers seek to extend rights to?

Women and slaves of African ancestry

Where did the only successful slave revolt in history take place?

Island of Hispaniola

What was the richest of all European colonies in the Caribbean?

*Be familiar w/ the Haitian revolution on page 820-822.

*John green has a good crash course video on this.

Saint-Domingue

Identify maroons. *This loss of laborers will make slavery more expensive.

Escaped slaves

What country became the 2nd independent republic in the w. hemisphere (1804)?

Haiti

What social class governed the Spanish/Portuguese colonies in the Americas? *Must know this!

Peninsulares (colonial officials from Spain or Portugal)

What large, wealthy social class of Spanish Portuguese ancestry were born in the Americas?

Euro-American criollos or creoles

In 1810, how many Peninsulares (colonial officials from Spain/Portugal) lived in the Americas? how many creoles (euro-Americans)? how many less privileged classes (black slaves, mestizos, mulattoes, etc.) lived in the Americas?

- about 30,000

- 3.5 million

- about 10 million

In what Portuguese colony did black slaves form a majority of the population?

Brazil

What did the creoles resent? what did the creoles draw inspiration from? who did the creoles seek to displace?

*Instead of desiring social reform or creating an egalitarian society.

**important concept in the CED.

- Administrative control and economic regulations imposed by the Iberian powers

- enlightenment political thought

- the Peninsulares

Whose invasion of Spain/Portugal weakened royal authority in the Iberian colonies?

***Mexican independence is very confusing.

*Just know that it started out as a peasant rebellion in the early 1800s. (between 1810-1821.) the ruling elite creoles would eventually take over. Spain was gone by 1821.

Napoleon's (1807)

What social class led the independence movement in south America?

- Peasants

- along with indigenous peoples

- mestizos

Who was a fervent republican driven by his belief in popular sovereignty? with what two other creole leaders did bolivar coordinate his efforts?

The creole elite Simón Bolívar (1783-1830); José de San Martin (1778-1850) and Bernardo O'Higgins (1778-1842).

By what year had creole forces deposed Spanish rulers throughout south America? *Must know date!!

1825

What was Bolivar's goal?

To weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a great confederation like the United States in north America

What did bolivar say about south America as the confederation disintegrated? *Very sad!!

He pronounced it "ungovernable" and lamented that "those who have served the revolution have plowed the sea."

Who fled Portugal & established a government in exile in Brazil (when napoleon invaded Portugal)? *Connections!!

The royal court

Who did the king of Portugal leave in Brazil as regent when he returned to Portugal in 1821?

His son Pedro

Who refused his father's command to return to Portugal and became the emperor of Brazil?

The king's son Pedro (reigning as emperor Pedro I from 1822-1834)

True or False: Latin American society remained as rigidly stratified as it had been in 1800.

True

What labor institution was permitted to continue in the Latin American republics?

Slavery

What church did the newly formed Latin American states support?

The roman catholic church

What social class benefited the most from the creation of Latin American states?

The creole elites

Identify ideology.

A coherent vision of human nature, human society, and the larger world that proposes some particular form of political and social organization as ideal.

a system of ideas/ideals which forms the basis of economic/political theory + policy.

How did conservatives view society? What type of change did they prefer?

As an organism that changed very slowly over the generations; gradual change that came about by general consensus.

What would revolutionary change lead to according to conservative Edmund Burke?

Anarchy

What revolution did Burke approve of? What revolution did he denounce as chaotic?

The American revolution; the French revolution

Who viewed change as normal and welcomed it as an agent of progress? *CED.

Liberals

What type of government did liberals favor?

Republican forms of government in which citizens elected representatives to legislative bodies

What did the exponent of early liberalism, John Stuart Mill, promote? What did Mill believe was the most effective way to advance individual freedom? Why did mill support taxes on high personal income?

The freedom of individuals to pursue their own economic and intellectual interests; universal suffrage; to forestall the organization of wealthy classes into groups that threatened individual liberties

Revolutionary Reform #1: Slavery: who were among the earliest critics of slavery?

Freed slaves like Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797).

Working from 1780-1807, what did Wilberforce finally persuade parliament to end in 1807?

The slave trade

Who patrolled the west coast of Africa to ensure compliance with the end of the slave trade?

The British navy, which dominated the north Atlantic Ocean

What doomed the institution of slavery in the Americas?

The end of the slave trade

What year was slavery abolished in the British empire? *Just a month after Wilberforce died. *Must know date!!

1833

How much money did parliament provide to slave owners to compensate for lost property (slaves)?

*Read and be familiar with how African slaves were freed but not politically equal. *Property requirements, etc.

20 million pounds sterling

Revolutionary Reform #2: Women's rights: list 3 legal disabilities that women suffered. *Just like slaves.

They had little access to education, they could not enter professional occupations that required advanced education, and they were legally deprived of the right to vote

little education, no academically-advanced jobs, no voting

What should a girl's education prepare them for according to Rousseau?

To become devoted wives and mothers

Who was one of the most prominent advocates for women's rights? *Part of CED.

British writer Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

What did the French republican government grant wives?

A share of family property

What rights did the French revolution not bring to women?

The rights to vote or to play major roles in public affairs

Who, under Napoleon's empire, lost the rights that they had gained in the early days of the revolution?

Women