Equine Nutrition Exam 1

prehesion

the act of taking hold, seizing, or grasping

hypsodont

high crowned teeth that continue to erupt

brachydont

low crowned teeth

triadian system

divides skull into quadrants while looking at horse

star

corresponds to the pulp cavity, appears at 8 years of age in first incisor

cup

center of the infundibulum, disappears from all lower incisors at age 8

galvaynes groove

located on lateral surface tooth

cheek teeth

premolars and molars

first incisors

2.5 years

second incisors

3.5 years

third incisors

4.5 years

upper and lower incisors

used to grasp and pull food

life cycle of a tooth

development, eruption, growth, attrition

In what primary organ does fermentation occur

cecum

products of fermentation

bacteria, VFA’s, gas

capacity of the stomach

2-4 gallons

esophagus

transport tube from mouth to stomach

choke

blockage of the esophagus

signs of choke

coughing, gagging, nasal and oral discharge

margo plicatus

separates glandular and nonglandular tissue in the stomach

signs of EGUS

behavior change, poor coat, weight loss, poor performance

Treatment of EGUS

HCL acid inhibitor, increase turnout/grazing, alfalfa

length of small intestine

75 feet

what does the small intestine absorb

carbohydrates, fat, protein, vitamins and minerals

cecum and colon absorbtion

VFA, lactate, protein end products, water, electrolytes

volume of cecum

8 gallons

large colon volume

16 gallons

large colon function

ferementation and absorption of cecum products

small colon volume

5 gallons

small colon function

water absorption and formation of fecal balls

colic

abdominal pain

mild colic

HR 45-60 bpm, pacing, laying down, MM normal

moderate colic

HR 60-80, rolling, biting abdomen, MM pale

severe colic

HR 80-100, rapid breathing, sweating, MM brick red w/toxic line

Toxic colic

endotoxemia

colic causes

intestinal dysfunction, intestinal accidents, inflammation of ulceration,

colic treatment

sedation, NSAIDS, surgery, hydration

colic prevention

routine, adequate roughage, limit concentrates, daily exercise, proper dental care

what are three sources for water

imbibed, feed, metabolic

sources of water loss

feces, urine, sweat, lactation, respiratory

How much water in GI tract

9-21% of BW

Water intake for an average horse

50 ml/kg

water intake for a lactating mare

75-100 ml/kg

How do you assess hydration

sweat, skin tent, mucous membranes, urine color

fiber

non-starch polysaccharides

sources of energy

protein, carbohydrates, fat

viramins

organic

minerals

inorganic

gross energy

heat produced from complete combustion of food

digestible energy

energy lost in the feces

metabolizable energy

energy lost in urine and primarily in ruminants in gasesn

net energy

energy lost as heat in the digestion, absorption, and use of food

risks of obesity

cardiovascular disease, arthritis, cancer, decreased life span

protein

amino acids linked together, H-C-N-S

essential amino acids

not synthesized in the body, must be acquired through diet

non-essential amino acids

synthesized in the body, not required in the diet

role of protein in the body

structural, enzymatic and hormonal, transport nutrients, immune system

protein synthesis

all amino acids must be present

limiting amino acid

provided in the lowest amount, lysine

protein digestion from grain

stomach by pepsinogen

protein digestion from forages

large intestine

end product of microbial digestion

ammonia

protein absorption from grain

small intestine, end products are free amino acids

crude protein sources

milk, forages, grain, seeds

monosaccharides

simple sugars; the only form of carb absorbed by GI tract

polysaccharides

alpha bonded monosaccharides

nonstructural carbohydrates

sugars and starches; alpha bonded

structural carbohydrates

soluble and insoluble fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignocellulos; beta bonded

hydrolytic digestion

simple sugars, disaccharides and starch

fermentation digestion

fructans, starches, soluble fibers, produce VFA

fructans

storage carbohydrate in cool season grasses

dietary fiber

produce VFAs and provide 30-70% of total digestible energy

triglycerides

fatty acids with a glycerol

fat digestion and absorption

small intestine

chylomicrons

fatty acids taken into enerocytes and surrounded by protein

essential fatty acid

linoleic acid

forages and cereal grains

low in fat

sources of fat

vetetable oil, rice bran, flaxseed, soybean meal

liver

where carbohydrates are converted to glucose for energy use

what vitamins are not produced in the body

A and E

vitamin A

essential for vision; usually present in high quality leafy forages or through grazing

vitamin d

essential for Ca absorption and bone growth; can be obtained through sunlight or UV light exposure and feeds. Deficiency results in rickets

vitamin e

important for its antioxidant properties to keep cell membranes healthy; found in high quality hays and grains

vitamin e deficiency

white muscle disease, equine motor neuron disease

vitamin k

important for blood clotting; found in high quality forages and intestinal bacteria can synthesize

macrominerals

Ca, P, Mg, Na, Cl, S, K

microminerals

Cu, Zn, I, e, Mn, Se, Co

macrominerals

body structure, acid base balance, fluid balance, nerve conduction, muscle contraction

microminerals

components of enzymes required for biologic reactions

calcium and phosphorus

important in bones and teeth plus metabolic functions

where is Ca present

hays/forages

where is P present

grains

decrease blood calcium

increased parathyroid hormone

calcitonin

decrease serum calcium levels

hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

Na: K channels become leaky, K rushes into muscle cell walls

cu, zn

important for connective tissue and skin intesgrity. cu needed for immune cunction

I

essential for T3 and T4 that control basal metabolism

Fe

component of hemoglobin

Se

detoxification of substances that are toxic to cell membranes

selenium toxicity

loss of mane and tail, brittle hooves