Endocrine system study guide flashcards

This form of intercellular communication utilizes chemical messengers released into the bloodstream.

Endocrine system

This form of intercellular communication uses chemical messengers to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue (through extracellular fluid).

Paracrine system

1. This form of intercellular communication is used by cardiac muscle cells to coordinate muscle contraction

2. How is information transferred from cell to cell in this form of communication?

3. What is the other example we talked about that uses this?

1. direct communication

2. coordination of cilia movement

3. EX. Respiratory tract like trachea and bronchi

This form of intercellular communication utilizes NT that travel across a synaptic cleft to a target cell

synaptic communication

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the __________________ and have ____________________ effects.

1. blood stream

2. intracellular effects (inside cell)

Exocrine glands release secretions via ____________ onto ___________________ and have _________________ effects.

1. ducts

2. epithelial surface like skin or stomach

3. extracellular [outside cell]

Which regulatory system do we utilize to handle urgent stresses (when a quick response is needed)?

nervous system [fast senses, short lived]

Which regulatory system do we utilize to control growth, development, reproduction and metabolism?

Endocrine system [slower processes, long term]

When the Endocrine System is used to regulate the body it typically results in what kind of effect? (think timing and targets)

widespread effect and long lasting

Endocrine communication results in what (especially compared to synaptic communication)? (again, think timing and targets)

widespread and long lasting and maintain long lasting effect

EX. growth and reproduction

Which class of hormones includes small molecules synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan or tyrosine?... Give examples. Do these bind intracellularly or extracellularly?

Amino acid derivatives

Ex.thyroid hormones (tyrosine)intracellularly, melatonin (tryptophan) extracellularly.

Steroid hormones are examples of what class of hormones? Steroids include?

lipid derivatives

Ex. androgens, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, corticosteroids, cortisol , hydrocortison, aldosterone. -erone most likely steroid.

or Include: androgens, estrogens. Progesterone, corticosteroids, aldosterone.

What class of hormones consist of chains of amino acids? Do these bind intracellularly or extracellularly?

Peptide Hormones

bind to extracellularly (need second messengers to except the effects on site)

Which hormones bind to intracellular receptors?

Lipid derivatives

ex ; thyroid hormones. Steroids as they are hydrophobic

Why do some hormones travel in the blood bound to a carrier protein? How does this affect their clearance? Their time of effectiveness?

give solubility in the blood. decrease clearance, lengthens the amount of time it takes to clear them, in the body longer. Increases time of effectiveness.

or

Most are lipid soluble hormones, carrier protein gives hormone solubility, carrier protein decreases loss in the urine, remain in circulation much longer for the reserve to allow longer period of effectiveness

The presence of a hormone ___________ determines a cell's ________to a hormone.

RECEPTOR, sensitivity

or

The presence or absence of a specific receptor determines hormone sensitivity
NO RECEPTORS- NOT SENSITIVE
RECEPTORS PRESENT on CELL- SENSITIVE TO HORMONE

When would hormone receptors be "down-regulated"? How would this affect sensitivity to a particular hormone?

When there is high hormone concentration. Decrease amount of receptors. Less sensitive.

or

Presence of a hormone triggers decrease in number of hormone receptors
When levels of particular hormone are high, cells become less sensitive to it

When would hormone receptors be "UP-regulated"?How would this affect sensitivity to a particular hormone?

Add more receptors when hormone concentration is low. More sensitive.

or

Absence of a hormone triggers increase in number of hormone receptors
When levels of particular hormone are low, cells become more sensitive to it

When do cells become MORE sensitive to a hormone?

when levels are low

or

When levels of a particular hormone are LOW, cells become More Sensitive to it.

When do cells become less sensitive to it?

when levels are high

or

When levels of a particular hormone are HIGH, cells become LESS Sensitive to it.

The lipid derivative class of hormones share what important structural feature?

4 carbon rings

In general, which hormones would be the longest acting? (to answer this, know how binding proteins affect length of effectiveness and which hormones would be bound)

Steroid, lipid derivatives, they have carrier protein. idk

Hormones that bind extracellularly have to utilize ___________________ to elicit effects. An example is cAMP, cyclic GMP, calcium ions

second messengers

The release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by what?

hypothalamus, releasing and inhibiting hormones from there.

or

Hypophyseal portal system -Hypothalamus

_________________ stimulates mammary gland development and milk production?

Prolactin from the anterior pituitary

or

Prolactin: (PRL)- stimulate mammary gland development

What are the effects of growth hormone?

growth of bones and cartilage

or

Direct effects on cells
Effects cells via secondary compounds called somatomedins
Targets the liver and causes release of somatomedins
Overall: mitosis, cell differentiation, cell growth

_____________ causes smooth muscle contraction leading to milk ejection form the nipple or ejaculation from the penis?

Oxytocin, Causes uterine smooth muscle contraction during childbirth. The word Oxytocin means "Quick Childbirth", this is a positive feedback loop of contractions.

or

(OXT)-oxytocin

Production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) requires what ion?

iodine ions

Production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) requires what protein?

thyroglobulin

Production of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) requires what hormone?

thyroid stimulating hormones-TSH

Difference between T3 and T4?

T3 is more potent and fast-acting than T4. T4 maintains metabolism in steady state.

or

T3- contains 3 iodine ions
T4- contains 4 iodine ions

A patient with hyperthyroidism may present with what symptoms?

weight loss, increase HR and BP, sweating, goiter, protruding eyes, insomnia, low TSH. "Graves"

or

increases heart rate and force of contraction; generally results in a rise in blood pressure

What is glucogenesis?

making new glucose from amino acids in the liver

hypoglocemia

low glucose in blood

Hyperglycemia describes what?

high glucose in blood

or

Higher Levels of glucose
, the beta cells secrete insulin. Overall, insulin causes increased uptake and utilization of glucose. So more glucose is taken into cells, and glucose is used more (either to make ATP or to make glycogen). The result is that blood glucose levels decrease back to normal

Where are the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) made?

Thyroid gland, in the epithelial tissue

Thyroid hormones have what effects?

elevate oxygen and energy consumption, increase heart rate and force of contraction and rise of BP, accelerate growth of bone, hair, nails, skin.

Which hormone(s) have an anti-inflammatory effect?

Cortisol

Overall, calcitonin has what effect?

lowering blood calcium, when blood calcium levels are higher than lower levels.

The hormone calcitonin is released from the _____________ in response to ______________.

Thyroid gland, increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

What are the effects of aldosterone?

Conserving sodium ion and water by kidneys, increased blood volume, decreased urine volume. Eliminate potassium ions restoring salt levels and BP.

ADH does what to blood volume and blood pressure?

ADH causes the kidneys to return more water to the blood and this has the effect of decreasing urine volume. ADH also decreases water lost through sweating and causes constriction of arterioles which increases blood pressure

Parathyroid Hormone...where does it come from, why is it released, what does it do

When calcium levels are low, parathyroid hormone is released by the parathyroid glands into the blood and causes the bones to release calcium and increase levels in the bloodstream.

or

Produced by parathyroid (chief) cells in response to low concentrations of Ca2+ (No hormonal control)
Antagonist for calcitonin
Net effect is to increase calcium concentrations

Androgens...Where are they made in the endocrine system, what stimulates their release, who are they important in, what do they do?

in the adrenal glands, ACTH stimulates their release, for women to promote muscle mass, blood cell formation, and sex drive.

Glucocorticoids accelerate the synthesis of what? Glucocorticoids accelerate the catabolism/breakdown of what?

glucose synthesis, lipid and protein

Epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones are made in what endocrine organ?

Inner adrenal medulla

Epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones have what effects?

increase HR, force of contraction, BP, lipid breakdown and release, glycogen breakdown, and increase glucose synthesis.

or

• Increased HR, force of contraction, BP
• Lipid breakdown and release
• Glycogen breakdown
• Increased glucose synthesis
• ***(these answers are the effects of epinehhrine-non epinephrine******

What hormone influences our basic circadian rhythms (specifically our sleep and wake cycle)? What else does it do?

The SCN controls the production of melatonin, a hormone that makes you sleepy. It receives information about incoming light from the optic nerves, which relay information from the eyes to the brain.

or

Melatonin—
• May be involved in preventing sexual maturation until pubertty

Insulin is secreted in which of the following ways? (from _____________ cells of the ___________, in response to ___________ blood sugar)

beta, endocrine pancreas, high

What are the effects of Insulin...

control blood sugar levels, when glucose is high.

Glucagon is secreted from _____________ cells in the __________________. It is secreted when blood sugar is _________.

Alpha, pancreas, low.

Which pancreatic hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver?

glucagon

or

Glucagon is the pancreatic hormone that stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver.

What is gluconeogenesis?

synthesis of glucose from amino acids

or

speeds up synthesis of new glucose molecules in a process

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by what? (multiple things)

hyperglycemia, glucose in urine, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia.

or

characterized by glucose concentrations high enough to overwhelm the reabsorption capabilities of the kidneys
• Hyperglycemia =abnormally high glucose levels in the blood
• In DM, glucose appears in the urine, and urine volume generally becomes excessive (polyuria)

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also known as....

insulin dependent diabetes

Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes....

Type 1- insulin dependent, destroy beta cells, younger patients.

Type 2- Obesity, insulin resistance, older patients and most common type.

or

Type 1 requires insulin injections daily or by pump, also obesity not a characteristic, only in 5-10% of diabetes people are type 1, also appears in early childhood, and maybe an auto immune disease with destruction of beta cells.
Type 2- Is the most common form of diabetes, Type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity
• Weight loss through diet and exercise can be an effective treatment

What is a "glucose sparing effect"? Why do some hormones have this effect?

free up amino acids or fatty acids and use those for fuel. Some need it

or FA are released into the bloodstream so that other cells can use them for ATP production. This is called a glucose sparing effect because it free's up or spares glucose for use by the muscles and brain.

Concentration of a hormone can do what?

Does NOT determine sensitivity, can change the amount of receptor it has to influence sensitivity.

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Hypoglycemia describes what?

Gluclose levels decline-stimulate breakdown of glycogen in glucose. Breakdown or triglycerides into fatty acids.