Philo Midterms

Holism

Holism

is the idea that all properties of a given idea or system cannot be determined or explain by its components or parts alone

Thales

first noted philospher in western history

Philosophy

love of wisdom

Science

investigation is systematic, organized body of knowledge

Natural light of reason

philosophy investigates things by using the natural capacity to think or human reason alone or the so-called unaided reason

Study of all things

philosophy isnt one dimensional or partial

First cause or highest principle

is that from which something proceeds in any matter whatsoever

Metaphysics

helps the human person explore existential significance beyond the confines of daily life

Ethics

provide ethical principles and frameworks that serve as guides to human actions

Atonomy

Independent, free and self directing

Non-Maleficance

Avoiding and preventing harm to all persons

Beneficence

to provide benefit or advantage to all

justice

Fairness and equity to all

Epistemology

the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, sources, scope, and validity of knowledge

Induction

General ideas are formed from the examination of particular facts.

Empiricism

is the view that knowledge can only be attained through sense experience

john Locke

example of an empiricist

deduction

particular facts can be understood or judged according to a general idea

Rationalism

is the philosophical stance according to which reason is the ultimate source of human knowledge

Rene Rescartes

example of rationalists

Pragmatism

The meaning and truth of an idea are tested by its practical consequences

William James and John Dewey

examples of pragmatists

Logic

may be defined as the science which directs the operations of the mind in the attainment of truth

Reasoning

is the concern of the logician

Logike

the term logic comes from this greek wors

Law of identity

P is P

Law of noncontratdiction

P is not non-P

Law of the excluded middle

either p or non-p

Aristotle

first philosopher to devise a logical method

Logical reasoning

makes us certain that our conclusions are true, and this provides us with accepted scientific proofs of universally valid propositions or statements

Aesthetics

the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation or art, beauty and good taste

Aisthetiikas

Aesthetics derives from this Greek word meaning of sense perception

Denis Dutton

Contemporary American Philosopher

Expertise or Vitruosity

technical artisitc skills are cultivated, recognized and admired

Non-Utilitarian Pleasure

people enjoy art for art’s sake, and dont demand practical value of it

Style

artistic objects and performances satisfy rules of composition that place them in recognizable styles

Criticism

people make a point of judging, appreciating and interpreting works of artim

imitation

works of art simulate experiences of the world

Special focus

art is set aside from ordinary life and make a dramatic focus of experience

Imagination

artists and their audiences entertain hypothetical words in the theatre of this

Scientific truth

based on facts, verified in the natural world

Objective truth

points to descriptions of state of affairs which remains true regardless of who is viewing them

phenomenology

truth is based on the person’s consciousness

postmodernism

truth is not absolute

Existentialism

truth is based in exercising choices and personal freedom

logic

truth is based on reasoning and critical thinking

objective domain

truth based on natural world that maintains a relative independence from the perspective and attitue of human beings that perceive them

Personal domain

truth is analogous with sincerity, truths that are claimed in this domain need corresponding actions that will establish trust. A person who proves to be consistent with what he declares about himself is regarded as authentic

Social domain

truth is analogous with a generat statement or consensus on what is right as opposed to what is wromg. Truths in this domain are mostly products of an agreement in society that has been established over time.

Justification

the process of proving the truth or validity of a statement

correspondence theory

states that something is true if it corresponds to reality or the actual state of affairs

coherence theory

proposes that something is true if it makes sense when placed in a certain situation or context

constructivist theory

maintains that what is true is shaped by an individual’s society and culture

consensus theory

view knowledge based on agreement thus something is true if everyone agrees with it

pragmatic theorty

maintains that something is true if we can put it into practice or is useful in real life`

Dogmatism

arrogant, stubborn asserion of opinion or belief

Chinese, Indian, and Greek

Three great original centers of philosophy in the world

Socrates

was one of the most powerful thinkers in history, he encourages his students to examine their beliefs

Plato

had careers as a wrestler and a poet before he became a philosopher

The Academy

school founded by plato

Lyceum

school founded by aristotle

Aristotle

was one of the brightest students at Plato’s academy

Western Philosophy

refers to various schools of thought which were conceived and practiced in Europe and North America.

Stoicism

emphasis on morality, virtue, calm, and emotional fortitude

Scholasticism

Application of Philosophy to define and explain religious doctrines, emphasis on the human person

Humanism

use of philosophy to understand society, nature, and humanity

Rationalism

reason and logic considered the basis of knowledge and belief; man has innate knowledge that can be accessed through intuition and deduction

Empiricism

Knowledge is gained through the sense; reliance on inductive reasoning to arrive at generalizations

Social and Political Philosophy

Discussions on the ideal human situation and society; emphasis on individuals rights and liberties

Existentialism

Human experience is defined by the views, emotions, and actions of the individual

Pragmatism

Emphasis on the practical use of knowledge and ideas

Phemonemology

Experience is studied based on the subjective viewpoint of the individual

Absurdism

Man will never understand the human condition and the meaning of life`

Postmodernism, Post-Structuralism

Analysis on how knowledge, ideas, and power relations are defined

Eastern Philosophy

First emerged from West Asia, India, China, Japan, and Korea

Judaism

Belief in one God, who has a role in the ultimate destiny of mankind, observance of God’s commandments will reap rewards

Hinduism

Belief in a pantheon of gods, belief in a cylce of birth and rebirth, emphasis on dharma

Shinto

animastic religion influenced by Japanese myth and traditions, material and spiritual worlds are closeley connected; rituals and traditions are a way to connect with the spiritual world

Jainism

rejects the idea of a Creator and considers the universe as eternal and unceasing, wisdom is developed through the practice of the five main vows

Buddhism

Shares a number of main beliefs with Hinduism, the four noble truths describe worldly existence as imperfect and influenced by earthly desires and suffering

Theravada Buddshism and Mahayana Buddhism

two major branches of buddhism

Confucianism

Contemplation of the order of things can lead to self-transformation which can lead to the family and society’s betterment

Taoism

Emphasis on the unity and harmony among opposing elements

Islam

belief in one God(Allah) commitment to faith is shown through the practice of the five pillars

Sikhism

God is believed to have created the universe and is present everywhere and in everything

loob

Generally belives in the innate goodness of human being

gulong ng palad

life as a series of ups and downs

Bahala na

means to leave everything to God