APUSH Chapter 19

Urbanization

The process of population shifting from rural areas to urban areas, driven by factors like industrialization, job opportunities, and cultural attractions, leading to challenges such as poverty, overcrowding, and sanitation issues.

Frank Sprague

An American inventor known for his contributions to the development of the electric motor and innovations in electric transportation like trolleys and elevators.

Louis Sullivan

Considered the father of skyscrapers, designed the first steel-skeleton skyscraper in Chicago in 1885, emphasizing the principle "Form follows function."

Elisha Otis

Played a crucial role in elevator safety by inventing the safety hoist, enabling the construction of taller buildings like skyscrapers by preventing elevator accidents.

Jacob A. Riis

Author of “How the Other Half Lives”, exposed the harsh living conditions of the poor in New York City slums, prompting social reform efforts and influencing figures like Theodore Roosevelt.

Dumbbell Tenements

Multi-story buildings with poor living conditions, communal facilities, and airshafts, initially intended as improvements but later turning into overcrowded slums.

Social Gospel

A movement led by figures like Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden, advocating for churches to address social issues like poverty, laying the groundwork for the Progressive movement.

Jane Addams

Founder of Hull House, a prominent settlement house in Chicago, dedicated to assisting immigrants and the urban poor through services like childcare and education, also promoting women's involvement in social reform.

Comstock Law (1873)

Legislation spearheaded by Anthony Comstock to ban obscene materials, including contraceptive information, reflecting societal conflicts over women's roles and cultural values.

The Great Migration

A significant movement of African Americans from the South to the North seeking better opportunities and escaping racism, contributing to the Harlem Renaissance and sometimes leading to racial tensions.

Ida B. Wells

A journalist and activist who fought against violence, voting restrictions, and lynching, co-founding the NAACP and advocating for equal rights for African Americans.

Racism in the North => Segregation and REDLINING

The spread of segregation practices and the discriminatory practice of redlining, denying services to minorities, particularly prominent in major U.S. cities.

Immigration Explosion

The influx of millions of immigrants to the U.S. between 1870 and 1900, primarily from Europe, seeking economic opportunities and contributing to cultural diversity.

Dillingham Commission

A commission formed in 1907 to study immigration trends, leading to the implementation of literacy tests to restrict certain immigrant groups deemed undesirable.

Reverend Josiah Strong

A leader in the Social Gospel Movement advocating for social justice, yet also known for promoting ideas of Anglo-Saxon superiority and the need to Christianize other races.

American Protective Association

An anti-Catholic organization formed in response to increased Catholic immigration, aiming to restrict Catholic influence in the U.S. through various measures.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

Legislation limiting the number of immigrants from each nation based on the 1910 population, favoring immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.

Immigration Act of 1924

Legislation further restricting immigration by reducing quotas and shifting the base year, effectively limiting immigration from eastern and southern Europe while blocking immigration from Japan.

Immigration Act of 1929

Also known as the National Origins Plan, this law capped immigration, imposed quotas based on national origins, and banned immigration from Asian nations, with exceptions for Canada and Latin America.

Tammany Hall

New York's Democratic political machine led by "Boss" Tweed, known for corruption and fraud in the 19th century.

Coney Island

Symbol of U.S. culture during the Gilded Age, known for its diverse appeal but also for segregation practices.

Baseball

America's pastime, historically segregated but significant in U.S. culture, with Jackie Robinson breaking the color line in 1947.

Morrill Act (1862)

Granted public lands to states for agricultural and industrial colleges, including institutions like OSU.

Hatch Act

This provided federal funds to establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the Morrill land-grant colleges.

City Beautiful Movement

Utopian urban planning movement in the U.S., emphasizing moral values and orderly cities during the Gilded Age.

Social Registrar

During the Gilded Age, the Registrar symbolized excess, listing primarily wealthy white descendants of early settlers. Joseph Pulitzer was the sole Jewish inclusion, while newcomers with self-made wealth were omitted.

Social Darwinism

Ideology applying "survival of the fittest" to society, championed by Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner.

Realism

Literary movement featuring authors like Mark Twain and Jane Addams, focused on depicting real life during the Gilded Age.

William James/Pragmatism

America’s leading psychologist and philosopher. His 1907 book Pragmatism argued that truth was to be tested by its practical consequences rather than by theory. This was seen as a philosophy particularly fitting the American character.

John Dewey/Instrumentalism

Philosopher promoting using scientific theories to solve practical problems and advocating for progressive education.