Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders

Physicians

________ and mental health workers use the detailed "diagnostic criteria and codes "in the DSM- 5 to guide medical diagnoses and treatment.

Psychopathology

________ needs to be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms.

Genetic influences

________, often in combination with negative environmental factors such as childhood abuse, family instability, or poverty, help wire the brain.

Fetal virus infections

________ may increase the odds that a child will develop schizophrenia.

Alcohol

________ use disorder, obsessive- compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia symptoms appear at a median age near 20.

Epigenetics

________: the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.

phobias focus

Our ________ on dangers faced by our ancestors, our compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to our species survival.

Reinforcement

________ helps maintain learned fears and anxieties.

Compulsive behaviors

________ are responses to those thoughts.

Serotonin

________ is also scarce or inactive during depression.

Selective attention

________ is a cause of disorganized thinking.

Native Americans

Racial differences: Within the United States, Whites and ________ kill themselves twice as often as Blacks, Hispanics, and Asian.

Smokers

________ have at least a doubled risk of panic disorder and have more severe symptoms during attacks.

gender stress difference

The ________ explains why beginning in their early teens, women have been nearly twice as vulnerable to depression.

Relentless

________ and self- focused rumination can distract us, increase negative emotion, and disrupt daily activity.

generalization

Stimulus ________ occurs when a person experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events.

Rumination

________: compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes.

Depression

________ is both a cause and an effect of stressful experiences.

Molecular geneticists

________ have identified some specific genes that are more common in those with antisocial personality disorder.

Medical Model

________: the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

Phobia

________: an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Natural selection

________ shaped our behaviors, when taken to an extreme, these behaviors can interfere with daily life.

Lack of conscience becomes

________ plain before age 15, as they begin to lie, steal, fight, or display unrestrained sexual behavior.

Delusion

________: a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Schizophrenia

________ involves not one isolated brain abnormality but problems with several brain regions and their interconnections Prenatal Environment and Risk.

Disorders

________ reflect genetic predispositions and physiological states, inner psychological dynamics, and social and cultural circumstances.

gender components

Eating disorders also have cultural and ________.

Bulimia nervosa

________, unlike anorexia, is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges, making the condition easy to hide.

DSM

The ________ has broadened the diagnostic criteria for attention- deficit /hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

potential threats

They are often jittery, agitated, sleep- deprived, and become fixated on ________.

classical conditioning

Through ________, our fear responses can become linked with formerly neutral objects and events.

dissociative detachment

When we face trauma, ________ may protect us from being overwhelmed by emotion.

Anorexia nervosa

________ typically begins as a weight- loss diet.

irrational fear

People with phobias are consumed by a persistent, ________ and avoidance of some object, activity, or situation.

Obsessive thoughts

________ are unwanted and so repetitive it may seem they will never go away.

Anxiety Disorder

Generalized ________: an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Bulimia

________ may also be triggered by a weight- loss diet, broken by gorging on forbidden foods.

positive symptoms

Those with ________ may experience hallucinations, talk in disorganized and deluded ways, and exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage.

false perceptions

Hallucinations are ________.

Psychological Disorder

________: a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

Gender differences

________: Women are much more likely than men to attempt suicide.

Dissociative identity disorder

________ (DID- formerly called multiple personality disorder) is when two or more distinct identities- each with its own voice and mannerisms- seem to control a persons behavior at different times.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

________: a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Bipolar disorder

________ is much less common the major depressive disorder but it is often more dysfunctional.

Panic attack

________ is described as repeated panic attacks, with symptoms such as irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

Traumatic fear learning experiences

________ can leave tracks in the brain, creating fear circuits.

Excessive alcohol

________ use also correlates with depression, partly because depression can increase alcohol use but mostly because alcohol misuse leads to depression.

Schizophrenia

________ is the chief example of a psychotic disorder.

anxiety disorder

Generalized ________, in which a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy.