Earthquakes and Volcanoes Revision Guide

Line of fire

in pacific ocean, 75% of volcanos lie on this line

Crust

oceanic and continental

Mantle

hot flowing rock (semi-liquid)

Outer core

hot liquid and creates the earth's magnetic field

Inner core

super hot ball of metal, hotter than surface of sun, has heat that causes movement in the mantle

Continental crust

thicker, less dense crust forming continents

Oceanic crust

thinner, denser crust beneath oceans

Asthenosphere

soft, flowing part of the upper mantle

Lithosphere

rust and rigid upper mantle

Conversion currents

heatdriven,circular movements of fluid

Heat transfer

movement of heat from the core to the mantle

Density

how heavy something is for its size

Rising magma

hot, less dense material moving upward

Sinking magma

cooler, denser material moving downward

Tectonic plates

large pieces of the lithosphere that move slowly

Plate boundary

where two tectonic plates meet

Constructive (Divergent)

moving apart

Destructive (Convergent)

colliding

Conservative (Transform)

sliding past

Subduction

one plate sinking beneath another

Friction

resistance that builds pressure

Pressure build

up-stress causing earthquakes

Magma chamber

underground storage of magma

Global distribution

pattern of where events occur worldwide

Plate margins

edges of tectonic plates

Pacific Ring of Fire

zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanoes

Hotspots

volcanic areas not at plate boundaries

Linear pattern

earthquakes/volcanoes forming lines along boundaries

Economic benefits

jobs, tourism, mining

Fertile soil

rich volcanic ash for farming

Geothermal energy

renewable heat energy from Earth

Risk perception

how people judge danger

Cultural attachment

emotional ties to place

Lack of alternatives

poverty or limited relocation options

Semeru case study

pyroclastic flows, ash clouds, lahars (volcanic mudflows), evacuation zones

Risk

probability of harm from a hazard

Vulnerability

how likely people are to be affected

Capacity

ability to cope and recover

Exposure

people or assets in hazard zones

Resilience

ability to recover quickly

Constructive plate boundary

continential plates moving away from each other

Constructive landforms

Ocean ridge and volcanic islands

Destructive plate boundary

an oceanic plate is forced under a continental plate

Destructive landforms

Fold Mountains and Oceanic trenches

Destructive examples

Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate

Conservative plate boundary

two plates slides past each other

Conservative example

North American Plate and the Pacific Plate

Collision plate boundary

two continental plates moving towards each other

Collision landforms

fold mountains

Collision examples

Australian and Eurasian plate

Constructive plate boundary

Destructive plate boundary

Conservative plate boundary

Collision plate boundary