Pelvis and Upper Extremity anatomy

function of pelvis

provide structural support for the body and enclose male/female reproductive and digestive and urinary organs

pelvis is a

support mechanism for the body

bony pelvis formed by

sacrum, coccyx, 2 hip bones/innominate bones,

innominate bones

2 bones that form sides of pelvis

innominate bones consist of

ilium, ischium, pubis

fusion points of innominate bones

posteriorly to the lateral portion of sacrum (SI joints)
anterior at medial portion of pubis (pubic symphysis)

SI joints

fusion point of innominate bones posteriorly to lateral portion of sacrum

Pubic symphysis

fusion point of innominate bones (pubic portion) anterior at the medial portion of pubis

ilium and what it consists of

largest, most superior portion that consists of body and large wing called ala

iliac crest

superior ridge of ala

iliac spines

superior and inferior iliac spines on anterior and superior surfaces formed by ala

what creates upper portion of acetabulum

body of ilium

acetabulum

deep fossa that articulates with head of femur

what forms lower anterior portion of acetabulum

pubis

pubis consists of

a body and superior and inferior pubic rami

superior pubic ramus does what

projects inferiorly and medially from acetabulum to midline of body

inferior pubic ramus does what

projects inferiorly and laterally from the body to join ischium at the ischiopubic ramus

ischiopubic ramus

ischium and inferior pubic ramus combined

ischium composed of

body and 2 rami

ischium location

most inferior portion of hip bones

body of ramus forms

lower posterior portion of acetabulum

obturator foramen

union of pubic rami and ischium enclosed by obturator muscles

pelvis divided into

false or greater pelvis and true or lesser pelvis by an oblique plane that extends from the upper anterior margin of the sacrum to the upper margin of the pubic symphysis

pelvic brim

separates true and false pelvis

false pelvis

region above pelvic brim

true pelvis

region below pelvic brim

muscle groups of pelvic girdle

gluteal and lateral thigh muscles

gluteal muscle region location

located posteriorly to pelvic girdle at proximal end of femur

gluteal muscle functions

muscles in this region move the lower limb at the hip joint

muscle groups of gluteal region

superficial abductors/extenders
deep lateral rotators

superficial abductors and extenders functions

large muscles that abduct and extend femur

superficial abductors and extenders include

gluteus maximus, medius, minimus, and tensor fascia lata

deep lateral rotators function

group of smaller muscles that mainly act to laterally rotate femur

deep lateral rotators include

quadratus femoris, piriformis, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, obturator internus

gluteus maximus

largest of gluteal muscles, most superficial and produces shape of butt

gluteus maximus functions

main extensor of thigh and assists with lateral rotation

gluteus medius

fan-shaped and lies between gluteus maximus and minimus that is similar in shape and function to gluteus minimus

glutues medius functions

abducts and medially rotates lower limb

gluteus minimus

deepest and smallest of superficial gluteal muscles similar in shape and function to gluteus medius

gluteus minimus functions

abducts and medially rotates lower limb

tensor fascia lata location

small superficial muscle which lies towards the anterior edge of the iliac crest

tensor fascia lata functions

assists gluteus medius and minimus in abduction and medial rotation of the lower limb
plays supportive role in gait cycle

piriformis location

key landmark in gluteal region and most superior of deep muscles

what is most superior of deep lateral rotator muscles

piriformis

piriformis function

lateral rotation and abduction

obturator internus forms

lateral walls of pelvic cavity

obturator internus functions

lateral rotation and abduction

gemelli superior and inferior

two narrow and triangular muscles separated by obturator internus tendon

gemelli superior and inferior function

abduction and lateral rotation

quadratus femoris

flat, square-shaped muscle most inferior of deep gluteal muscles

quadratus femoris location

below gemelli and obturator internus

quadratus femoris function

lateral rotation

bladder location

pyramid shaped muscular organ that rests on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis

bladder functions

temporary reservoir for storage of bladder

adult bladder urge to pee after

200-250 mL

bladder can hold

750 mL

superior body of bladder

covered by the peritoneum allowing loops of ileum and sigmoid colon to rest on it

posterior aspect of bladder

fundus or base of bladder

where is bladder base related to in female vs male

anterior wall of vagina
rectum

apex of bladder faces what

pubic symphysis

neck of bladder

inferior portion of bladder that is continuous with urethra

bladder neck contains

internal and urethral sphincters to provide for voluntary control over release of urine from bladder

trigone

triangular area formed by 3 openings in floor of bladder
2 - ureters
1 - urethra

rectum extends where

terminal part of large intestine extending from S3-S4 to the tip of the coccyx

rectum size

15cm

rectum shape and becomes what

follows anteroposterior curve of sacrum and coccyx and ends by turning inferiorly and anteriorly to become anal canal which ends at anus

uterus located where

pear shaped muscular organ located in pelvic cavity between bladder and rectum

uterus subdivided into

body and cervix

body of uterus

largest division comprising the upper 2/3 of the uterus
consists of a fundus superiorly where the uterine tubes enter the uterus

where do uterine tubes enter uterus

fundus

cervix

directed inferiorly and posteriorly into upper end of vagina or vaginal vault

wall of uterus

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

endometrium

inner glandular tissue lining inner wall and responds to cyclic ovarian hormone changes

myometrium

middle, muscular layer, and thickest component of uterine wall

perimetrium

outer layer consisting of serous membrane that covers fundus and posterior surface of uterus

ovaries

paired, small, almond shaped on either side of uterus

where do ovaries lie and held by

depression on lateral walls of pelvis held in place by ovarian and suspensory ligaments

ovarian ligaments

attach to inferior aspect of ovaries to the lateral surface of the uterus and uterine tubes

suspensory ligaments

attaches the superior aspect of ovaries to the lateral sides of the pelvic wall

suspensory ligaments contain

ovarian vessels

uterine tubes size

8-20cm long

uterine tubes extend

laterally from the body of the uterus to peritoneum near ovaries

uterine tubes form and are supported by

infundibulum and supported by broad ligament

infundibulum has

has numerous 1-2cm fingerlike projections called fimbriae which spread loosely over the surface of the ovaries

principle structures of of male reproductive system

testis, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland

what male structure is not located in pelvic cavity

testes

prostate gland

extraperitoneal fibromusclular structure is largest accessory gland of male reproductive system

largest accessory gland of male reproductive system

prostate gland

function of prostate

secretes thin, slightly alkaline fluid that forms a portion of seminal fluid

prostate where

located inferior to bladder and surrounds the prostatic urethra which courses through the anterior portion of the gland

base of prostate located

adjacent to neck of bladder

apex of prostate

in contact with perirenal membrane

appendicular skeleton and its #

126 bones involved in locomotion and manipulation of objects in the environment

appendicular skeleton groups

bones located within limbs
girdle bones that attach limbs to axial skeleton

axial skeleton forms

bones that form skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column, thoracic cage

axial skeleton functions

provide support and protection for brain, spinal cord, organs in ventral body cavity
provides surface for attachment of muscles, directs respiratory movements and stabilizes portions of appendicular skeleton

skull, #

bones support structures of face and protect brain
22 bones in two categories (facial and cranial)

cranial bones

8 bones that form cranial cavity and encloses the brain and attachment site for muscles of the head and neck
1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, 1 sphenoid, 1 ethmoid

facial bones

14 bones that provide cavities for sense organs (eyes, mouth, nose)
protect entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts
attachment points for facial muscles
1 mandible, 2 maxilla, 2 zygomatic, 2 palatine, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal, 2 inferior nasal conchae

laryngeal skeleton starts at

EAM