chemistry/ organic compounds

type of bond

low/high melting pt in organic compounds?

covalent bond

low melting, boiling pt

can undergo combustion

what is a hydrocarbon

an organic compound consisting only of hydrogen and carbon atoms without any functional groups.

what reduces and what increases the oxidation number?

H reduces (-1)

every heteroatom (N,O,S…) increases

C leaves it unaltered

what kind of bond do the molecules in alkanes form (or any single bond)?

o (sigma) bond

what kind of arrangment do sp3 orbitals have?

tetrahedral

what kind of p atomic orbitals form pi molecular orbitals to form double (sp2) or triple (sp) bonds?

non-hybridized p atomic orbitals

why do organic compounds enter reactions?

single bonds are saturated double and triple bonds are unsaturated so the goal is to have as many single bonds to obtain the most saturated compounds.

what defines the properties of the organic molecule and adds reacticity?

functional groups

HYRDOCARBONS DONT MIX WITH WATER

just dont forget!! they are also composed of apolar bonds and they can be linear, branched or cyclic

why is the 3D structure of molecules important?

because it modulates their chemical properties and determines their biological function

what is conformation

the shapes that molecules can adopt due to rotation about bonds (different conformation different properties)

what is a conformational isomer

same molecule different arrangment of the ch3 groups

what is steric hindrance

bic molecules blocking the reaction

explain this

why does cyclohexane not have a planar structure?

-the sp3 interactions prevent it

-to obtain a planar structure the angles need to be 120 degrees which is much greater than the angle between hybrid orbitals

the required distortion would lead to a very high energy and thys unstable molecule

what is the chair conformation

four atoms on a plane one above and one below

what are the orientations of a cyclic structure

axial (higher energy) or equatorial (lower energy) (both are chair cyclohexane forms)

which cylic structure is preferred

equatorial bc it has lower energy

what is the way to convert one cylic structure to another called?

chair flip

what can we replace a hydrogen in an alkane with?

a halogen or an alkyl chain

to create a structural isomer how many carbon atoms is the alkane supposed to have (minimum)

4+

name these isomers

isopentane and neopentane

do an organic compound and it’s isomer have different chemical properties?

yes

which alkanes are used as heatinf fuels

methanes and butanes

which alkanes are volatile liquids, fuels