FINAL EXAM pbsi 235 (units 1-4)

_____ is the process by which new information is acquired for storage

learning

properties of learning:

- it is _____ by experience

- it selects the _____ that enters into memory

- learning _____ experience, seperating out _____ stimuli for _____

Initiated, information, filters, relevant, retention

_____ is information extracted from experience and stored for later recovery/use

memory

properties of memory:

- it _____ after the remembered experience _____

- it can enter a _____ state before being _____ by a retrieval process

- the content of memory _____ the experience that _____ it

persists, ends, latent, reactivated, reflects, created

ebbinghaus tested his own _____ of a series of nonsense syllables and documented the _____ _____

retention, forgetting curve

most forgetting occurs _____ _____ and then continues at a _____ _____ over a longer period of time

right away, slower rate

in principles of psychology, _____ _____ proposed a _____-_____ process of memory in which multiple independent traces are initiated simultaneously and last for a _____ period of time

william james, multi-stage, different

short-term memory is in the _____ state and has _____ _____ and is _____ to disruption

active, rapid decay, vulnerable

long-term memory is in the _____ state and has _____ _____ and is _____ vulnerable to disruption

inactive, slow decay, less

_____ is the process by which a _____-_____ memory stabilizes for storage over an extended period of time

consolidation, long-term

- it begins with the _____ learning experience

- occurs in _____ with _____-_____ memory

- is why _____-_____ endures in an inactive state

original, parallel, short-term, long-term

human memory can be divided into _____ and _____-_____

declarative, non-declarative

declarative includes your ______ _____ of previous experience

conscious recollection

_____ memory: what happened to you where and when, a type of declarative memory

episodic

_____-_____ : includes learned motor skills

non-declarative

_____ memory: so-called muscle memory, type of non-declarative

procedural

declarative memory is _____: you can describe the contents of _____ using ______

explicit, memory, language

non-declarative memory is _____: it is difficult to describe the contents using _____

implicit, language

_____ is a strong memory impairment

amnesia

_____ amnesia is a loss of previously acquired memories

retrograde

_____ amnesia is an inability to form new memories

anterograde

a blow to the head can cause shallow _____ amnesia: memory of event itself is lost, as well as a brief period leading up to it

retrograde

early stages of dementia are often categorized by _____ amnesia followed by _____ amnesia that roughly follows Ribot's law

anterograde, retrograde

ribot's law: _____ memories are less resistant to _____ than _____ ones

newer, disruption, older

_____ ____: most studied amnesia patient in medical history, experienced seizures and had surgery of the _____ _____ _____ and _____

- epilepsy cured but left with memory impairments

patient HM, medial temporal lobe, hippocampus

brenda milner performed assessments of HM, found that:

- shallow _____ amnesia with intact long-term episodic memory

- profound _____ amnesia: following surgery he couldn't form long-term episodic memories

retrograde, anterograde

HM's problems explained by a _____ deficit

consolidation

role of hippocampus in episodic memory is _____, once memory consolidated, hippocampus has no rule

temporary

hippocampus thought to do this by recreating patterns of brain activity that occurred during experience called _____

replay

activation of hippocampal neurons during replay is thought to drive activity of _____ neurons, gradually strengthening the _____ between them to _____ a memory

cortical, connections, consolidate

bechara & colleagues demonstrated the conscious recollection of a _____ event and the _____ associations between stimuli encountering during that event are processed _____ in the brain

scary, aversive, separately

damage to hippocampus prevents formation of an _____ and damage to the _____ prevents formation of an aversive association

episode, amygdala

HM's ______ memory was completely _____

procedural, intact

hippocampus does not play a role in _____ memory

procedural

_____ memory is acquired through implicit, associative learning processes

procedural

_____ of ______ is an early description of how the consequences of an action change its likelihood

- a given stimulus in environment can elect a variety of _____ responses

law, effect, behavioral

if outcome of one of the responses is satisfying the connection between _____ and _____ will be strengthened, making response _____ likely to occur

stimulus, response, more

if outcome of one of the responses is annoying the connection between _____ and _____ will be weakened, making response _____ likely to occur

stimulus, response, less

BF skinner introduced the terms of _____ and _____

reinforcement, punishment

positive reinforcement: when behavior becomes _____ frequent because it results in the ____ of an _____ stimulus

more, addition, appetitive

negative reinforcement: when behavior becomes _____ frequent because it results in the ____ of an _____ stimulus

more, removal, aversive

punishment: when behavior becomes _____ frequent because of its results

- positive: _____ of _____ stimulus

- negative: _____ of _____ stimulus

less, addition, aversive, removal, appetitive

olds & milner reported that electrical stimulation of the _____ would _____ reinforce a lever press

septum, positively

stimulation of the ______ ______ ______ is a powerful _____ reinforcer

- rats will choose _____ stimulation over: food, water, sex, their offspring

medial forebrain bundle (MFB), positive, MFB

MFB is a fiber tract that carries the ____ of _____ neurons from midbrain to basal ganglia

axons, dopamine

_____ _____ _____: the dopamine neuron's response to better-than-expected outcomes that plays an important role in reinforcement learning

reward prediction error (RPE)

dopamine neurons will fire in response to _____ but not later

learning

reinforcement learning algorithms: uses _____ learning principles to produce complex patterns of behavior in absence of any prior knowledge (model-free)

reinforcment

RL algorithm needs:

- ability to _____ an action

- ability to _____ key aspects of environment

- ability to produce a _____ signal when goal state is detected

- ability to _____ which actions will lead to the _____ goal state

produce, detect, reinforcement, predict, reinforcing

_____ _____: persistent changes in the function of synapses

synaptic plasticity

hypothesis that some _____ event that causes a change in the way neurons communicate, and that this change stores _____ information about that _____

external, remembered, experience

if a presynaptic neuron repeatedly takes part in _____ a neuron that is postsynaptic to it, the connection between the two becomes _____

firing, strengthened

_____ _____: neurons that fire together wire together

hebbian synapse

bliss & lomo placed a stimulated electrode in the _____ _____, a major input to the _____ _____, placed a recording electrode in the dentate gyrus to record the effects of the performant path stimulation on the _____ _____ _____

perforant path, dentate gyrus, local field potential (LFP)

an _____ LFP is a change in the voltage of the _____ fluid that occurs as positively charged ions enter neurons

excitatory, extracellular

excitatory LFP indicates _____ synaptic stimulation and higher activity among the _____ of neurons around recording electrode

increased, population

following a strong stimulation, weak stimulation had a _____ effect on postsynaptic neurons

bigger

_____ receptors are _____ by a magnesium ion

NMDA, blocked

_____ receptor activation during _____ stimulation depolarizes the membrane and causes _____ receptors to become _____

allows the influx of _____ ions thu NMDA receptor, as soon as stimulation ends the _____ ion returns and NMDA is _____

AMPA, strong, NMDA, unblocked

calcium, magnesium, blocked

calcium entering synapse causes:

- _____ flow of ions through AMPA receptor

- increased _____ of AMPA receptors in _____ membrane

increased, density, postsynaptic

initial induction of LTP requires ____ receptors but persistent changes in synaptic strength are due to changes in the function and ____ of _____ receptors

NMDA+AMPA, density, AMPA

spatial memory tasks require the _____

hippocampus

drugs that block NMDA or AMPA delivered directly to _____ can be used to test whether LTP-like processes are important for _____ _____

hippocampus, hippocampal memory

_____ can be defined as subjective, first-person experience

includes awareness of world around you and your inner world

consciousness

_____ _____ of consciousness: understanding which brain sys, circuits and activity patterns that contribute to consciousness

easy problem

_____ _____ of consciousness: understanding how brain sys, circuits, and activity patterns produce qualia

hard problem

_____: the elements of subjective experience (ex. shade of color red, flavor of food)

qualia

_____: subjective experience of external environment in the _____ present only. no conscious knowledge or judgement, no self awareness

anoetic, immediate

_____: awareness of environment and conscious knowledge, involves ability to consciously make ____, does not require self-awareness

_____ memory: remembering that something is true vs re-experiencing it

noetic, choices, semantic

_____: inner, self-aware form of subjective experience, involves ability to think about one's own experience by consciously recollecting the past or imagining your future

autonoetic

_____ __ had an injury to _____ _____ _____

patient KC, medial temporal lobe

patient KC suffered profound amnesia (both types) and lost the capacity of _____ consciousness. he could learn word sequences but could not recall experience of learning them, this is _____ consciousness

autonoetic, noetic

____ _____: brain wave patterns resemble waking brain waves, fast, low-amplitude

REM sleep

____ ____ ____ __ ____: focus on hierarchical processing, info from earlier stages is combined to create added information about a visual stimulus

integrated information theory of consciousness

_____ is related to the ability of _____ regions to communicate and generate information by integrating earlier stages of stimulus processing

consciousness, cortical

____ ____ ____ is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic pulses to control activity of neurons

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

if TMS applied to cortex it can influence EEG signals over a _____ area. in sleeping subjects who report no dreaming, the EEG effect is _____. in waking subjects or dreaming subjects this EEG effect is _____

wide, smaller, larger

the ____ is oddly shaped subcortical area that interconnects multiple cortical and subcortical areas of the _____

claustrum, forebrain

claustrum enriched with _____ receptors which are site of action for hallucinogen salvia

K-opioid

_____ facilitates action of GABA at _____ receptor and may also block _____ channels necessary to generate AP

propofol, GABAa, sodium

_____ is the process of selecting which stimuli to focus on and which to ignore, acts as a ____

attention, filter

_____ _____ occurs when focus _____ with sensory orientation (ex. eye gaze)

overt attention, coincides

_____ _____ occurs when focus does ____ coincide with sensory orientation (ex. focus on peripheral vision instead of stimuli that fall in center of gaze)

covert attention, not

attention is a _____ resource

limited

divided-attention experiments: subjects asked to perform 2 tasks at once, _____ periods of training produce a poor effect

shorter

_____ _____: failure to perceive and remember the parts of an experience that you do not pay attention to

inattentional blindess

_____ attention: focus directed rapidly and automatically to stimulus (usually _____)

reflective, overt

_____ attention: focus that is given by choice to stimulus (can be ___ or ____)

voluntary, overt, covert

reflexive attention will orient you very quickly to something like loud noise, is _____ lasting

voluntary attention is longer to initiate but can be _____ lasting

short, long

_____: sensory properties of a stimulus, such as intensity or _____, capture _____

salience, contrast, attention

_____-_____ ______: stimuli associated with desired or sought-after _____ capture attention at expense of stimuli to unrelated goals

goal-directed attention, outcomes

______-_____ attention: stimuli that predict positive or negative outcomes capture attention

value-driven

_____ _____: midbrain sensory motor structure

receives input from sensory systems and send outputs to _____ nuclei in brainstem that control movements of ____ and head

superior colliculus (SC), motor, eye

SC orients vision ____ attention-grabbing stimuli in periphery (overt)

towards

____ ____ ____: region of parietal lobe of cortex involved in ____ attention (covert & overt)

inferior parietal lobule (IPL), voluntary

_____ _____ _____: given lots of stimuli of equal attention, how do you attend to one

cocktail party problem

_____ ____ ____: deliver different stimuli (usually words or sentences) to each ear via ____. subject asked to pay attention to only 1 ear. _____ of IPL using transcranial magnetic stimulation impairs performance of tasks

dichotic listening tasks, headphones, inactivation

top-down cognitive processes occur when a later phase of stimulus processing (_____) influences an earlier phase (_____) via feedback

attention, perception

_____ and _____ areas become more active when subjects are shown pictures of houses and faces

parahippocampal, fusiform

______________________________ are thought to play important role in top-down effect of attention

projections from prefrontal cortex to sensory cortex