[ GEN BIO ] Lesson 7: Structures and Functions of ModifiedCells

Microvilli

These increase the surface area for the absorption of nutrients and other essential substances from the gut cavity into the underlying tissues and blood vessels.

Microvilli

They are found in the small intestines, kidneys, egg cells, and white blood cells.

Cilia

In the respiratory tract, this prevent mucus (from goblet cells), bacteria, and dirt from entering the lungs.

Stereocilia

_____ in a frog’s inner ear allow it to detect sounds from its environment. Through these, frogs have a mechanism to detect and escape from potential threats.

Flagella

are tail-like structures that provide motility to cells.

Basal infoldings and hemidesmosomes

are both found at the basement membrane of epithelial cells.

Hemidesmosomes

help the epithelial tissue provide protection and structural support to the underlying cells.

Basal infoldings

are responsible for increasing surface area and for ion and fluid transport.

Cell junctions

are found in epithelial cells and are mainly responsible for connecting adjacent cells.

Tight junctions

(Under Cell Junctions)

prevent leakage of substances.

Adherens Junctions

(Under Cell Junctions)

connect adjacent cells.

Desmosomes

(Under Cell Junctions)

connect adjacent cells

Gap Junctions

(Under Cell Junctions)

serve as channels of ions, water and other essential substances.

Red blood cells

are biconcave to aid in the diffusion of gases from the air sacs of the lungs and into the oxygen-deprived tissues of the rest of the body.

hemoglobin

The lack of nucleus in red blood cells gives more space for _____. Thus, more oxygen molecules can be transported.

Red blood cells

also lack mitochondria. They generate their energy through anaerobic respiration.

White blood cells

are responsible for the body’s defenses. They can either be granulocytes or agranulocytes.

Egg cells

are the largest cells in the human body and are necessary for sexual reproduction.

Sperm Cells

travel from the testes to the female’s fallopian tube to facilitate an event called fertilization.

Trichomes

These are epidermal outgrowths responsible for preventing insect attacks, shading leaves, and trapping insects.

Root hairs

are tiny hair-like structures that originated from the epidermis of plants.

Root hairs

facilitate the absorption of water from the substrate.

Mesophyll

____ layer is primarily responsible for photosynthesis. It is made up of palisade cells and spongy cells.

Xylem and phloem tissues

consist of specialized cells that are responsible for transporting essential substances, such as water, minerals, and food needed by the plants.

• Trichomes

• Root Hairs

• Mesophyll Cells

• Xylem and Phloem

Specialized Cells and Cell Structures in Plants (4)

• Microvilli

• Cilia and Stereocilia

• Flagella

• Basal Infoldings and Hemidesmosomes

• Cell Junctions

• Blood Cells and Sex Cells

Specialized Cells and Cell Structures in Animals (6)

Cilia and stereocilia

are responsible for movement and sensation, respectively.

Red and white blood cells

are responsible for transporting oxygen and protecting the body from pathogens, respectively.

Sperm and egg cells

aid in the reproduction process.

• Monocyte

• Eosinophil

• Basophil

• Neutrophil

• Lymphocytes

Types of white blood cells (5)

• Zona Pellucida

• Corona Radiata

Egg cells have two outer membrane layers: