HISTO 102 - Quiz 3 (Creating New Nations: Austria)

Old Power and Conservative

Austria

Margraviate of Austria

Austria Origin

Margraviate Austria

Created for the defense of eastern Bavaria against nomadic people from Central Asia

Margraviate Austria

Became known as the Bavarian Eastern March

Bavarian Eastern March

Latin: Marcha orientalis

Bavarian Eastern March

German: Osterreich

Margraviate Austria

Principal role: To defend eastern Bavaria

Constructed Castles:

• Riegersburg Castle (Styria)

• Burg Hochosterwitz (Carinthia) 

• Kufstein Castle (Tyrol)

•  Burg Freundsberg

• Hohenwerfen

• Hohensalzburg (Salzburg)

Ruling Families in Austria

• House of Babenber

  • Originally from Bamberg in Bavaria

• House of Habsburg

  • Originally from Northern Switzerland

  • Transferred to Vienna where the family became known as the “House of Austria”

1156

Detached from Bavaria and elevated to become the Archduchy of Austria

Archduchy of Austria

Provided most of the line of emperors of the Holy Roman Empire

Expansion of Territories

• Bohemia

• Moravia

• Hungary

• Croatia

• Carinthia

• Carniola

• Tyrol

Ensign

Flag on a ship, showing the country the ship belongs to

Archduchy of Austria

Part of Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire

A political unit in Central and Western Europe

Holy Roman Empire

Made up of nearly 300 states

Holy Roman Empire

Founding: 800 AD with the coronation of Charlemagne

Holy Roman Empire

Ruler; Held the highest prestige among medieval Catholic monarchs (the empire was considered by the Catholic Church to be the only successor of the Roman Empire)

Holy Roman Emperors (Habsburg) - Coat of Arms

• Rudolf 1273-1291

• Abert I (1298-1308)

• Abert II (1438-1439)

• Frederick III (1440-1493)

• Maximilian I (1493-1519)

• Charles V (1520-1556)

• Ferdinand I (1556-1564)

Holy Roman Emperors (Habsburg) - Crown

• Maximilian II (1564-1576)

• Rudolph II (1576-1612)

• Matthias (1612-1619)

• Ferdinand II (1619-1637)

• Ferdinand III (1637-1657)

• Leopold I (1658-1705)

• Joseph I (1705-1711)

Holy Roman Emperor (Habsburg) - Coin

• Charles VI (1711-11740)

• Francis I (1745-1763)

• Joseph II (1764-1790)

• Leopold II (1790-1792)

• Francis II (1792-1806)

1497 Spanish Connection

Philip, son of Maximilian I (Austria) married Joanna (Castile and Aragon)

1516 Spanish Connection

• Charles, eldest son of Philip and Joanna, becomes:

  • Holy Roman Emperor

  • Archduke of Austria

  • Duke of Burgundy

  • King of Castile and Aragaon

  • King of Naples and Sicily

  • King of the New World

Charles V

European Inheritance and New World Inheritance

Austria Religious Wars

Embarked on a campaign of Counter Reformation (to re-Catholicize) in the Hereditary Provinces of Austria and in the non-Austrian Provinces

Margraviate of Austria

Upper and Lower Austria

Inner Austria

Styria, Carinthia, Carniola

Further Austria

Tyrol, Vorarlberg

Hereditary Provinces of Austria

Archduchy of Austria, Inner Austria, Further Austria

Non-Austrian Provinces

Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary

Before the French Revolution

Austria and France were allies

Before the French Revolution

Solidified by the marriage of Marie Antoinette (Austria) and Louis XVI (France)

During the French Revolution

Austria and France were enemies

During the French Revolution

Triggered by the War of the First Coalition

War of the First Coalition

lasted for 5 years

War of the First Coalition

1792-1797

France (National Convention)

Mobilization by the French people in the War against the First Coalition

Battle of Valmy (1792)

France vs Austria

War of the First Coalition

Battle of Valmy: decisive victory of France over Austria

1804

Francis II (Holy Roman Empire) proclaims the Archduchy of Austria as the Austrian Empire

Francis II

Aim: to place Austria at par with France after Napoleon Bonaparte proclaimed the French Empire

Francis II

Aim: to repulse the French Army under Napoleon Bonaparte

Austrian Empire

Objective: to lay down a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars through negotiation

Austrian Empire

Real Goal: To restrain or eliminate Bonapartist, republican, liberal, and revolutionary movements which disrupted the old order of the European ancien regime

Austrian Empire

Real Goal: To suppress national, democratic, and liberal movements

War of the Second Coalition

France vs Austria, Britain, Russia, Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples

Battle of Marengo (1801)

The French Army drove the Austrians out of Italy

War of the Second Coalition

1798-1802; Result: (1) failed to overthrow the French revolutionary government, (2) failed to recover French territorial gains since 1793

Britain and Russia

to stop the expansion of the French Republic and to restore the monarchy in France

Austria

to recover financially from debt and to strengthen its position

Treaty of Luneville (1801)

France and Austria

Treaty of Luneville (1801)

France held all of its previous gains and obtained new lands in Tuscany (Italy)

Treaty of Luneville (1801)

Austria acquired Venetia and Dalmatia

War of the Third Coalition

1805-1806; French empire vs Austrian Empire, Great Britain, Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, Sweden

Battle of Ulm

French Army captured an entire Austrian Army

Battle of Austerlitz

Decisive French victory over a combined Austro-Russian force

War of the Fifth Coalition

1809; French Empire vs Austrian Empire, Britain, Portugal, Spain, Sardinia, Sicily

Battle of Wagram

Decisive victory of French army against the Austrian army

War of the Sixth Coalition

1812-1814; French Empire vs Austrian Empire, Prussia, Great Britain, Russian Empire, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Sardinia

Battle of Leipzig

Decisively defeated the French Army

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

• A series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte

• Attended by representatives of all European powers involved in the Napoleonic Wars

• Chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich

• Held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815

Metternich’s Measures

• Redrew borders of countries to ensure no single power could easily upset the European order

• Restored Bourbon rule in France by installing Louis XVIII (1814-1824) as king

• Restored conservative rule in Austria:

1. Restricted freedom of the press

2. Limited many university activities 

3. Banned fraternities

Metternich

• Returned to France to its borders before 1812

• Rewarded Austria with additional lands in Italy

• Gained additional lands in Northern Italy

1. Lombardy

2. Venetia

Austrian Empire

1848; A liberal revolution sweeps across Austria

Emergence of Liberalism

• Began by students

  • Published pamphlets and newspapers discussing education and language

• Began by middle class liberals

  • That forced labor is not efficient

  • That the Empire should adopt a wage labor system

1848 Revolution

• Revolutionaries in Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, Galicia, Slovenia, Transylvania demand autonomy or even independence

• Revolutionaries in Austria demand:

1. Abolition of monarchy

2. Establishment of a constitutional government

• Social-Political Tensions

  • Greater anger and energy among the lower classes 

  • Several tax boycotts

  • Attempted murders of tax collectors in Vienna

  • Assaults against soldiers

  • Destruction of convent of the Jesuits in Graz

  • Emergence of mass political organizations

  • Widespread public participation in government

• Counter Revolution 

  • Recapture of Vienna by royal troops

  • Abdication of Ferdinand I 

  • Ascension of Franz Joseph as new emperor

German State

Austria

Non-German Estates

Bohemia, Moravia, Galicia, Transylvania, Hungary, Carniola

Multi Ethnic Peoples

• Germans

• Czechs

• Slovaks

• Poles

• Ukrainians 

• Romanians

• Hungarians

• Slovenes

1848

Outbreak of Upsprings

Austro-Sardinian War

• Cause: Kingdom of Sardinia’s efforts to expel Austria from Italy

1. Lombardy 

2. Venetia

• Battle of Magenta

• Battle of Solferino

Battle of Magenta

Victory by combined force of French and Sardinian armies against Austria

Battle of Solferino

Decisive victory of combined French-Sardinian armies against Austria

Defeat in Austro-Sardinian War

Permanently lost its territories in Italy

Defeat in Prussia

1866; Austro-Prussian War

Austro -Prussian War

Cause: dispute between Prussia and Austria over the administration of the Danish states of Schleswig and Holstein

Defeat in Austro-Prussian War

Permanently excluded from German affairs

Austrian Empire

• 1859-1866; Lost prestige as a Great Power

• Twice defeated by minor European powers within a span of 7 years

  • Sardinia (1859)

  • Prussia (1866)

Austrian Empire’s Response to Defeat

Focused on internal problems (nationality problem)

Austrian Empire’s Problem in the Late 19th Century

Acquired non-German territories

Additional Territories: Non-German

• Bohemia

• Moravia

• Silesia

• Galicia

• Hungary

• Bosnia

Non-German Nationalities

• Hungarians

• Czechs

• Slovaks

• Poles

• Ukranians

• Slovenes

• Croats

• Serbians

• Romanians

• Italians

Hungary

• Largest-non German territory

• Most numerous non-Generous population

Solution to Nationalities Problems

• Abrogation of Austrian Empire

• Creation of Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Aim: To suppress nationalism among Hungarians

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Weaknesses:

• Made a minority nationality (Germans) the most favored nationality

• Favored one non-German nationality (Magyars of  Hungary) over the other non-German nationalities

• Did not recognize the other non-German nationalities

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

• Impact

  • Escalated the grievances of the majority group of non-German nationalities (Southern Slavs)

    • Serbs

    • Croats

    • Slovenes

  • Enhanced a campaign for independence among the majority group of non-German nationalities (Southern Slavs)

    • Serbs

    • Croats

    • Slovenes

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

• Austria: western and northern half

  • Dual Capital: Vienna

• Hungary: center and eastern part

  • Dual Capital: Budapest

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

• Dual Government

  • Each half to have its own legislature for domestic affairs

  • Foreign, military, and financial affairs to be handled jointly

Other Non-German Nationalities

• Northern Slavs

  • Czechs

  • Slovaks

  • Poles

  • Ukrainians

Other Non-German Nationalities

• Southern Slavs

  • Serbs

  • Croats

  • Slovenes

Austrian Emperor

• Defeat in Italy:

  • Austro-Sardinian War

  • 1859