NE101 Lec 11: Neuroanatomy I

Explains brain regions, ventricles, and nervous system organization.

3 types of tissue

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

oligodendrocytes

glial cells in the CNS

what direction is this?

rostral

what direction is this?

caudal

what direction is this?

anterior

what direction is this?

posterior

what direction is this?

medial

what direction is this?

lateral

what part of the brain is this?

midline

what hemisphere is this?

right

what hemisphere is this?

left hemisphere

what plane is this?

coronal

what plane is this?

sagittal

light matter

• Axons

• inner parts of the cortex

• traveling towards the cortex and away to the sub cortex, traveling through the axon bundles

axon tractography

• Visualize axon travel in white matter

• Diagnose conditions that cause miswiring of axons

grey matter

• cell bodies

• Outer parts of the cortex

nissl stain

Stains brain nuclei purple

nuclei (in this contex)

collection of cell bodies

gyri

bumps and big folds

sulci

grooves

fissure

big grooves

what are these?

ventricles

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

• removes metabolic waste and maintains composition of extracellular fluid

• Flows through waves in sleep

what are these?

meninges

meninges

• Layers between skin, bone, and brain

• Protect the brain from physical trauma

what layer is this?

dura mater

what layer is this?

arachnoid

what layer is this?

pia mater

central nervous system covers the ___

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system covers ____

all nervous tissue outside of the spinal cord and brain

parasympathetic nervous system

calming, stimulates digestive function

sympathetic nervous system

fight/flight response, inhibits digestion, elevating HR

what brain area is this?

frontal lobe

what brain area is this?

precentral gyrus

what brain area is this?

central sulcus

what brain area is this?

primary somatosensory cortex

what brain area is this?

post central gyrus

what brain area is this?

parietal lobe

parietal lobe function

integrating sensory and motor functions

what brain area is this?

occipital lobe

occipital lobe function

vision

wernicke’s area function

language and comprehension

what brain area is this?

wernicke’s area

cerebellum function

motor functions, coordination, and learning

what brain area is this?

cerebellum

primary auditory cortex function

hearing

what brain area is this?

primary auditory cortex

what brain area is this?

limbic association cortex

what brain area is this?

temporal lobe

olfactory cortex function

smell

what brain area is this?

olfactory cortex

broca’s area function

speech

what brain area is this?

broca’s area

prefrontal cortex function

executive functioning

what brain area is this?

prefrontal cortex

corpus callosum function

fiber tract that connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain, made up of bundles of axons

what brain area is this?

corpus callosum

hypothalamus function

• regulates autonomic functions: BP, pupil dilation, arousal, hunger, thirst

• responsible for hormone production and release

what brain area is this?

hypothalamus

what brain area is this?

thalamus

thalamus function

• Routes, combines, and processes signals from all across the CC and subcortical structures (hub)

• Performs computations

what brain area is this?

spinal cord

spinal cord function

Transmits and receives signals from the PNS

what brain area is this?

midbrain

what brain area is this?

pons

what brain area is this?

medulla

what spinal cord area is this?

dorsal horn

what spinal cord area is this?

ventral horn

what spinal cord area is this?

dorsal root

what spinal cord area is this?

ventral root

what spinal cord area is this?

dorsal root ganglion

what spinal cord area is this?

sensory neuron

what spinal cord area is this?

motor neuron

what spinal cord area is this?

sensory neuron soma

what spinal cord area is this?

spinal nerve

what spinal cord area is this?

gray matter

what spinal cord area is this?

white matter

contralateral

opposite side

ipsilateral

same side

spinal cord levels

cervical, thoratic, lumbar, sacral

cervical

head, neck, hands

thoratic

Abdominal muscles, chest muscles

lumbar

Leg muscles

sacral

Bowel, bladder, balance

MRI is ________ and safe under most conditions.

noninvasive

The resolution of an MRI is approximately

1 mm

One voxel (3D pixel) in MRI contains ________ to ________ neurons.

hundreds, thousands

MRI allows us to see general brain structures but cannot show ________ potentials or specific ________ types.

action, cell

Neuroradiology is used to locate precise ________ for neurosurgical implants.

coordinates

White matter consists primarily of ________.

axons

White matter is found in the ________ parts of the cortex.

inner

Grey matter consists primarily of ________.

cell bodies

Axon tractography can diagnose conditions that cause ________ of axons.

miswiring

Axon tractography is used to visualize ________ travel in white matter.

axon

Humans have the highest degree of ________ in the cerebral cortex.

folding

The ventricles circulate ________ fluid.

cerebrospinal

CSF removes ________ waste and maintains extracellular composition.

metabolic

The ________ plexus produces CSF.

choroid

Axons in the periphery enter the spinal cord through the ________ nerve and ________ root.

spinal, dorsal

Axons controlling muscles exit the spinal cord through the ________ root.

ventral