my govt 5

Civil Rights

rights that protect people from discrimination and ensure equal treatment by the government (example: laws that prevent racial discrimination in schools or jobs)

Positive Rights

rights that require the government to provide services or benefits to people (example: public education or government healthcare programs)

Negative Rights

rights that require the government to not interfere with individual freedoms (example: freedom of speech or religion)

Incorporation Doctrine

the idea that the Bill of Rights applies to the states through the 14th Amendment (example: states must follow freedom of speech protections)

Judicial Scrutiny

the process courts use to evaluate if a law violates the Constitution (example: courts reviewing if a law discriminates unfairly)

Rational Basis Review

the lowest level of scrutiny where a law is upheld if it is reasonably related to a legitimate government purpose (example: a law regulating business hours)

Strict Scrutiny

the highest level of scrutiny where a law must serve a compelling government interest and be narrowly tailored (example: laws involving race must pass strict scrutiny