Honors Chemistry Semester 1 Review

These flashcards cover key concepts in Honors Chemistry, including atomic structure, periodic table trends, bonding, and isotopes.

What are the subatomic particles with charges?

Protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negative charge).

Define isotopes.

Isotopes are variants of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

How is average atomic mass calculated for isotopes?

Average atomic mass is calculated by weighting the mass of each isotope by its natural abundance.

What does PES stand for in chemistry?

Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

What are valence electrons?

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that are involved in bonding.

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

The range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, ordered by wavelength or frequency.

What is the arrangement of the periodic table based on?

The arrangement is based on increasing atomic number, which corresponds to the number of protons.

What are the three categories of elements on the periodic table?

Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

What are the ionic charges of group 1 elements?

Group 1 elements (alkali metals) typically have a charge of +1.

What is the trend for atomic radii in the periodic table?

Atomic radii generally decrease across a period and increase down a group.

How do you determine molecular geometry of covalent compounds?

Molecular geometry is determined using VSEPR theory, which takes into account the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons.

What are the prefixes used in naming covalent compounds?

Prefixes are used such as mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, etc., to indicate the number of atoms in the compound.

What is ionization energy?

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom.

What is the significance of electron configurations?

Electron configurations describe the distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals.

What is a covalent bond?

A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.