MI unit Review

Antibiotic

A chemical that kills bacteria or slows their growth without harming body cells.

Antibiotic Resistance

Ability of bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment.

Antibiotic resistant

bacterium that is resistant to antibiotics

Antibiotic sensitive

Bacterium sensitive to antibiotics

B- lactam

aka Penicillin; inhibit cell wall synthesis

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria

Capsule

Covers the cell wall in prokaryotes.

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Conjugation

In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.

Cytoplasma

fluid inside the cell

Destruction

Process that make microorganisms like viruses or bacteria non functional killing or dismantling which renders the target unable to preform its function

Efflux pump

Is essentially a channel that actively exports antibiotics and other compounds out of the cell

Endotoxin

A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.

Flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.

Fluoroquinolones

Ciprofloxacin

Genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.

Inactivation

the transmitter is either taken back into the terminal or inactivated in the synaptic cleft

Mutation

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Naked or free dna

genetic material that is not packaged within a viral or bacterial vector and lacks protective proteins like histones.

Nucleoid

A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated.

Pilus

A short, thick hair-like protein structure that allows a bacterium to attach to other bacteria and surfaces.

Plasma mebrane

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.

Plasmid

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Sex pilus

used to join bacteria for DNA transfer

Target protein

Generally a transcription factor that regulates the response.

Tetracyclines

Tetracycline

Doxycycline

Minocycline

Transformation

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

Transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another

Z- streak

A variation of the streak plate method used to isolate pure microbial cultures.

Spreading a diluted sample in a zigzag pattern across plate

What is the pili function in a bacterial cell

Transfer of genetic material through conjugation

What is the function of plasmid

carries non-essential genes

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

To protect the cell from harmful stuff and to let in stuff it needs.

What is the function of the capsule?

protection

What is the function of the cell wall?

to protect and support the cell

What is the function of the cytoplasm

Site of chemical reactions

Allows for DNA replication

What is the function of ribosomes?

make proteins

What is the function of the nucleoid?

localization of genetic material (DNA)

What is the function of endotoxins

Forms a protective barrier that shields them from antimicrobial compounds

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Gram positive have a thick peptidoglycan layer

Gram negative have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane of LPS and two periplasmic spaces.

Mode of action for B-lactams

Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

Mode of action for tetracycline

inhibits protein synthesis

mode of action for fluoroquinolones

They target two enzymes and inhibit bacterial DNA replication

Mode of Action for Sulfa Antibiotics

They prevent bacteria from producing folic acid --> is needed to make new cells

How does feeding low level antibiotics to livestock endanger human health

Contributes to the spread of antibiotic- resistant bacteria

What the are the 3 ways bacteria shares genetic information

1. Conjugation

2. Transformation

3. Transduction

Why is it important to use single colonies when doing microbiology

To ensure a pure and genetically identical culture for experiments

How to streak for isolated colonies

Divide plate into four quadrants

Use a sterilized loop to spread bacteria sample across the plate in the 4- quadrant pattern

How does mutation help with antibiotic resistant

It alters a bacterium's DNA, which can lead to changes that stop or reduce the effectiveness of an antibiotic

How does destruction help with antibiotic resistant

Through the bacterial production of enzymes that chemically modify or break down antibiotics causing them to be ineffective

How does Efflux pump help with antibiotic resistant

It actively transports antibiotics from inside the bacterial cell to the outside environment, by expelling antibiotics from inside the bacterial cell and prevents it from reaching its target.

Why is the efflux pump so dangerous when it comes to antibiotic resistance

It can lead to multidrug resistance which allows the bacteria to become resistant to several types of antibiotics at once making it hard to find the true cause

Bacterial transfer that requires the use of direct contact through the pili

Conjugation

This is the process in which bacteria reproduce asexually

Binary fission

What are some possible pathogens

Protozoa, proteins, parasites, fungi

Viruses can be cured with antibiotics- true or false

False

The most common type of gene transfer in bacteria involved formation of a sex pious and movement of a plasmid from the donor bacteria to the recipient bacteria. This describe

Conjugation

An organism that causes disease

Pathogen

What can happen to bacteria cells when a person takes an antibiotic

The resistant cells survive and reproduce

Which of the following is absent in bacteria

Nucleus

The chromosomal DNA- containing area of a bacterial cell

Nucleoid

What are the two kinds of DNA that bacteria has

Chromosomes and Plasmids

Which structure allows bacteria to exchange genetic material directly with one another

Pili

Unlike the cells of eukaryotes, the cells of bacteria do not have

A nucleus

Serves as a barrier against phagocytosis

Capsule

What is absent in bacterial cells but present in eukaryotic cells

A nucleus

Super-bugs are____ that are immune to multiple____

Bacteria, antibiotics

Lipid bilayer found only in gram negative bacteria can be toxic to the host even when bacteria is dead

Outer membrane

Maintains the overall shape of a bacteria cell

Cell wall

Bacterial transfer where a plasmid or free DNA is taken into the cell through the plasma membrane

Transformation

Which antibiotic inhibits the supercoiling of chromosomal DNA in bacterial cells

Flouroquinolones

Broad spectrum antibiotics are bad because

They can lead to antibiotic resistance

Which antibiotic prevents the continuation of protein synthesis

Beta Lactam

A bacterial infection____ be treated using antibiotics. A viral infection______

Can, Cannot

Broad spectrum antibiotics are beneficial because

They kill many different pathogenic bacteria

Which antibiotic irreversibly inhibit enzymes involved in the final steps of cell wall synthesis

Beta Lactam

Bacterial Transfer that requires a bacteriophage

Transduction

What color does Gram negative stain

Pink

What can happen if a person skips doses of their prescribed antibiotics

The bacteria may continue to grow and develop resistance to antibiotics

Which antibiotic, Blocks the PABA pathways so bacteria doesn’t make sufficient amounts of folic acid

Sulfonamides