Lab Mid Term

How to stand in an anatomical position?

standing straight, feet slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, arms at the sides, and palm facing forward

Superior/Inferior

above/below

Anterior/Posterior

front/back

Ventral/Dorsal

belly side/backside

Medial/Lateral

toward midline/away from midline

Proximal/DIstal

closer to trunk or attachment/farther from trunk or point of attachment

Cephalic(Cranial)/Caudal

toward the head/toward the tail

Superficial/Deep

toward the body surface/away from the body surface

What Body Plane is this?

Frontal Plane

What body plane is this?

Sagittal Plane

What body plane is this?

Transverse Plane

Dorsal Body Cavity subdivisions

cranial cavity and vertebral (spinal) cavity

Organs found in cranial cavity

skull - encases the brain

Organs found in the vertebral(spinal) cavity

vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity subdivisions

Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity

Organs found in the thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs (protected by the ribs)

Organs found in the abdominopelvic cavity

reproductive system, stomach, intestines

Two areas found in the abdominopelvic cavity and the organs

abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, liver, etc.) and pelvic cavity (reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum)

What is 1?

right hypochondriac region

What is 2?

Epigastric region

What is 3?

left hypochondriac region

What is 4?

right lumbar region

What is 5?

Umbilical regioin

What is 6?

Left lumbar region

What is 7?

right inguinal (iliac) region

What is 8?

Hypogastric region

What is 9?

Left inguinal (iliac) region

What is A?

right upper quadrant

What is B?

left upper quadrant

What is C?

right lower quadrant

What is D?

left lower quadrant

Dark Purple

Base

Dark Blue

substage light

Dark Green/What it does?

Iris Diaphragm lever - used to adjust the amount of light passing through the specimen

Yellow/What it does?

condenser- delivers a concentrated beam of light to the specimen

Dark Orange/what it does?

stage - platform at which the slide rests for viewing

Grey/what it does?

Rotating nosepiece - carries the objective lenses; rotates so that the different objective lenses can be brought into position over the specimen

Magenta

Ocular Lense

Black

Arm

Brown

objective lense

Pink/what it does?

Mechanical Stage/Stage clips - controls the movement of the slide on the stage

Light Blue

Condensor Knob

Light Green

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Light Orange/what it does?

Fine adjustment knob - used for precise focusing one initial focusing has been done

Light Purple

light control

Working distance

distance from the bottom of the objective lens to the surface of the slide

What direction would you move a slide if you want to bring an object on the left side of the field to the center?

left

Field

area of the slide seen when looking through the microscope

Why should the light be dimmed when looking at living (nearly transparent) cells?

to increase contrast

Parfocal

needing to use only fine adjustment to focus the specimen at the higher power

Ocular lens magnification

10x magnification

Objective lens; names and magnification

scanning lens - 4x
low power - 10x
high power - 40x
oil immersion - 100x

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Smooth ER

site of lipid synthesis

Mitochondrion

main site of ATP synthesis

Rough ER

has ribosomes
involved with protein producing and transporting

Nucleus

encloses the chromatin

Golgi Apparatus

packages proteins for transportation

Lysosome

sac of digestive enzymes

Centriole

forms basal bodies and helps direct mitotic spindle formation

Cytoskeleton

internal cellular network of rodlike structures

Inclusion

glycogen granules and ingested foreign materials

Plasma membrane

forms the external boundary of the cell

Nucleolus

packaging site of ribosomes

Mitosis Cell divison in order

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis

Interphase

cell check point

Prophase

chromatin coils and condenses, forming chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.

Metaphase

chromosomes line up in the center of the cell, chromosomes attach to spindle fibers

Anaphase

the chromosomes are v-shaped

Telophase

the nuclear envelope re-forms, chromosomes stop moving toward the poles. separation starts

Cytokinesis

two identical daughter cells

Four primary tissue types

epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous

Epithelium

lines body cavities and covers the body’s external surface
cells may absorb, secrete, and filter
forms endocrine and exocrine glands

Connective Tissue

anchors, packages, and supports body organs
derived from mesenchyme
consists of cells within an extracellular matrix
most widespread tissue in the body

Muscle tissue

pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, allows one to swing a bat
transmits electrical signals
major function is to contract

Nervous Tissue

transmits electrical signal
most involved in regulating and controlling body functions
forms nerves and the brain
classified based on the shape and arrangement of the cells

Six main functions of epithelial cells

Protection
Absorption
Filtrating
Excretion
Secretion
Sensory Reception

Four Main Types of Connective Tissue

Connective Proper (loose & dense), cartilage, bones, and blood

Example of Loose Connective Tissue

Areolar, adipose, and reticular

Example of Dense Connective Tissue

dense regular, irregular, and elastic

Function of Blood

transports repiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and more

Types of Muscle Tissue

Smooth, Skeleton, and Cardiac

Function of Nervous Tissue

communicates w/other neurons, transmits electrical signals from receptors to effectors

Epidermis is

the superficial layer of the skin

Epidermis is composed of

epithelium underlying connective tissue

Deeper region of tissue is

dermis
composed of connective tissue

Most numerous cell of the epidermis is

Keratinocytes

Two primary layers of the dermis

papillary dermis
reticular dermis

Papillary Dermis

composed of areolar connective tissue, responsible for fingerprints, most superficial region

Reticular Dermis

composed of dense irregular connective tissue, deep layer of dermis

Four cell types of the epidermis

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dendritic Cells
Tactile epithelial cells

Keratinocytes

most abundant, product keratin (provides durability and protection)

Melanocytes

spidery black cells that produce melanin

Dendritic Cells

ingest foreign substances

Tactile Epithelial Cells

form sensitive touch receptors

Layers of Epidermis

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulsom
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

Stratum Corneum

most superficial layer of translucent cells in thick skin containing 20-30 layers of dead keratinocytes, these layers continuously come off

Stratum Lucidum

(only present in thick skin) two layers of a thin band of dead cells

Stratum Granulosum

layer named for the numerous lamellar granules present and secretes a glycolipid that prevents water loss
contains keratohyalin granules (from keratin in above layers)

Stratum Spinosum

contains cells w/weblike bundles of intermediate filaments