CH 11 ccell communciation

signal transduction pathways

are processes by which a cell converts an external signal into a functional response, involving a series of molecular events and interactions.

growth factors

compounds that stimulate nearby cells to grow and divide

paracrine signaling

local signaling — where organism is nearby and gets signaled to respond to stimuli from other cells.

endocrine signaling

hormones(chemicals for long-distance signaling) — in endocrine signaling, specialized cells release hormone moleculesthat travel through the bloodstream to target distant cells, triggering specific responses.

Reception

reception is the target cell’s detection of a signal molecule coming from outside of the cell

Transduction

The binding of the signaling molecule changes the receptor protein in some way —> initiates process of transduction

Response

THIRD STAGE of cell signaling — triggers a specific cellular response

G protein-coupled receptor

cell-surface transmembrane receptor that works with the help of G Protein

G Protein

a protein tht finds to the energy rich molecule of GTP

Receptor tyrosine kinase

plasma membrane receptors that have enzymatic activity

kinase

enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups

dimerization

when two monomers interact with each other to form a dimer

ligand gated ion channels

type of membrane receptor that can act as a gate when the receptor changes shape — when signaling molecule binds as a ligand to the receptor protein, the gate opens or closes, allowing for the flow of ions

Phosphorylation Cascade

A phosphorylation cascade initiated at the cell membrane upon ligand–receptor binding that, through intracellular protein–protein interactions, acutely modifies existing proteins and transfers messages to the nucleus for gene expression modification

second messengers

small, non-protein water molecules

cyclic AMP or cAMP

cyclic adenosine monophosphate