apush final

geographic influence on native cultures

- people in northern regions subsisted on hunting, gathering, and fishing- southwest regions were more agricultural; they built large irrigation systems and constructed towns of stone and adobe- great plains region, most engaged in sedentary farming- south had large trading networks and permanent settlements- northeast societies were mobile; farming was designed to exploit land quickly rather than developing a permanent settlement

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages

Encomienda System

a system that gave settlers the right to exact tribute and labor from the natives on large tracts of land

european and native early contact

- Spanish were the first to encounter the new world- Columbus landed in the Bahamas and found Cuba, captured and brought Natives back to Spain; also started first spanish settlement on Hispaniola- Hernando Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico- Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas in Peru- Europeans exposed Natives to diseases and wiped out a lot of the population

Iroquois Confederacy

a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida

reasons for colonization

- social and economic problems in England- search for land and religious freedom- search for gold and economic opportunity

spanish regions of colonization

half of south america, central america, mexico, caribbean

french regions of colonization

Canada; first settlement was at Quebec

dutch regions of colonization

"New Netherland" (north east America); built a town on Manhattan island named New Amsterdam

english regions of colonization

eastern coast; first settlement was in Jamestown, Virginia;

Colonial-Native relations

the survival of the colonies required European immigrants to learn from local Indian tribes and work with them

Jamestown

- first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia- survived because of the leadership of John Smith

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

joint-stock companies

- companies that are owned by shareholders- was a way companies could make large amounts of money by selling shares of their company

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislature within what was to become the United States

Chesapeake Society

settlements in the Chesapeake area which relied on tobacco production; had low town development

indentured servants

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor

Bacon's Rebellion

- armed rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley, after Berkeley refused Bacon's request to allow settlers to move farther west

Plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims

Mayflower Compact

- the first governing document of Plymouth Colony- agreement to establish a government for themselves

Puritans

- religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. - came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay

Pilgrims

English Puritan separatists who founded Plymouth colony

Challenges to Puritanism

King Charles I was hostile to Puritans and imprisoned many for their beliefs

John Winthrop

- puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony- speaker of "City upon a hill"

City on a Hill (John Winthrop)

the puritans believed they were building a holy commonwealth, a model for the corrupt world to see and emulate

middle colonies

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware

William Penn

Englishman and Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania

Quakers

- dissenting English protestant sect- no formal church government- unpopular in England, wanted colony of their own- formed Pennsylvania under William Penn

early immigrants

- mostly spanish, english, french, and dutch- many germans went to the Americas after Protestantism was banned- Scotch-Irish also immigrated (scotch Presbyterians who had settled in northern Ireland)

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Navigation Acts

- closed the colonies to all trade except that carried by English ships- required that tobacco and other items be exported from the colonies only to England or to English possessions- required that all goods sent to the colonies from Europe pass through England on the way where they would be subject to English taxation- imposed duties on the coastal trade among the English colonies

colonial life

- women were expected to bear a lot of children- puritanism placed high value on the family and the position of wife and mother- in the chesapeake, women married young and were oftentimes left widowed because they married guys a lot older- in the north, children were more likely to survive and their families were more likely to stay together

Enlightenment

the product of scientific and intellectual discoveries in Europe; discoveries which revealed the natural laws that regulated the workings of nature

Great Awakening

- started because of concerns about declining piety- had particular appeal to women- emphasized the potential for every person to break away from the constraints of the past and start anew with God

deism

Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God doesn't intervene in people's lives

Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

British West Indies

British territories in the Caribbean: Anguilla, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands

cash crops

crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit

Atlantic Slave Trade

the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

Triangle Trade

trade network between Europe, Africa, and North America, involving slaves, textiles, rum, sugar, coffee, and cotton

Middle Passage

the voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

political, economic, social effects of slavery

- blacks replaced white indentured servants as the basis of southern workforce- assumed that blacks would remain in service permanently and black children would inherit their parents' bondage- white beliefs about the inferiority of Africans spread- slave codes passed-- granting white masters absolute authority over their slaves

geographic influence on settlements

- had to work with the natives because their agricultural techniques were better adapted to the soil and climate of Virginia- they grew beans, pumpkins, vegetables, and maize- hunted and fished

Slave Rebellions

- Slaves resisted by working slowly, damaging goods, or running away- Southern slave owners enforced strict slave codes, severe punishments, and made it illegal to help run-away slaves

Causes of the French and Indian War

- Colonial rivalries between Great Britain and France- Great Britain and France disputed land claims in Ohio River Valley (both sides wanted the same fur-rich land)- Indians were fighting for control of their land (most of the tribes allied with the french)

Effects of the French and Indian War

- expanded England's territorial claims in the new world- enlarged Britain's debt and resentment of the Americans

Albany Plan of Union

- (rejected) plan to create a unified government for the 13 colonies

Pontiac's Rebellion

- Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac- opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area

Proclamation of 1763

law forbidding English colonists to settle beyond the Appalachian mountains

Stamp Act

levied taxes on every printed document in the colonies; newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, licenses

Townshend Acts

series of british acts introducing a series of taxes and regulations on the colonies

Tea Act

- gave the British East India Company the right to export its merchandise directly to the colonies without paying any of the regular taxes that were imposed on colonial merchants- the company could undersell american merchants and monopolize the colonial tea trade

Intolerable Acts

- (coercive acts)- closed the ports of boston, reducing the power of self-government in Massachusetts- permitted royal officers in America to be tried for crimes in other colonies or in england- provided for the quartering of troops by colonists

virtual representation vs direct representation

Virtual representation - all British subjects (the colonists) were represented in parliament even if they didn't vote or have any representativesDirect representation - every community was entitled to its own representatives, elected by the people of that community

Declaration of Independence

formal declaration of the colonies' independence from Great Britain

Loyalists vs. Patriots

- Loyalists were loyal to England and the throne- Patriots were those who were team USA, pro-independence

Effects of American revolution in US

- formation of new government and articles of confederation- Americans were able to expand westward- developed constitution

Republican Motherhood

Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women

Articles of Confederation

the first constitution of the United States, was their plan for union after the revolutionary war

Land Ordinance of 1785

- congress created a system for surveying and selling the western lands- formed rectangular townships; grid system

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

- created a single northwest territory which could be divided into three to five territories- specified a population of 60,000 required for statehood- guaranteed freedom of religion and right to trial by jury to residents of the region- prohibited slavery in the territory

Shay's Rebellion

- Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts- demanded paper money, tax relief, moratorium on debts, and the abolition of imprisonment for debt- highlighted the need for a strong national constitution

Constitutional Convention

meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution

Great Compromise

- Called for a two-house legislature with representation based on population in one house and equal representation in the other house; slaves would be 3/5 a person- said slave trade would continue for 20 more years

Bill of Rights

- first ten amendments to the Constitution- biggest complaint by anti-federalists was that the constitution lacked a bill of rights

Federalists

- led by Alexander Hamiltonsupported:- rule by the wealthy- strong federal government- manufacturing- loose interpretation of the constitution- British alliance- national bank- protective tariffs

Anti-Federalists

(republicans)- led by Thomas Jeffersonsupported:- rule by the people- strong state governments- agriculture- strict interpretation of the constitution- french alliance- state banks- free trade

Federalist Papers

- written by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison (Madison later became republican) under the name Publius- explained the meanings and virtues of the constitution

Judiciary Act of 1789

congress provided for a supreme court of six members and a system of lower district courts and courts of appeal

Alexander Hamilton

- first Secretary of the Treasury- advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt

George Washington

- 1st President of the United States- commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution

Jay's Treaty

- settled conflict with Britain- provided for American sovereignty over the entire northwest and produced a reasonable commercial relationship

Pinckney's Treaty

- Spain recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth and deposit goods at New Orleans- set the boundary of Florida along the 31st parallel- prevented native americans from launching raids across that border

Whiskey Rebellion

- farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; began terrorizing tax collectors- an army, led by Washington, ended the rebellion

Alien Act

Placed new obstacles in the way of foreigners who wished to become American citizens

Sedition Act

allowed the government to prosecute those who engaged in sedition against the government

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

states had the right to nullify certain laws when they felt the central government had exceeded its powers

election of 1800

Jefferson elected (republican)

Louisiana Purchase

- purchase of the Louisiana territory from France for 80 million Francs- the US had to grant certain commercial privileges to France in the port of New Orleans

Lewis and Clark

- sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific- investigated prospects for trade with Native Americans

War of 1812 causes

- impressment of US sailors by the British Navy- Americans wanted to expand into Indian settlements which were British and Spanish territory- Americans wanted to conquer canada

War of 1812 effects

- treaty of ghent ended the war- increased patriotism in the US

Hartford Convention

- meeting to discuss grievances against the Madison administration- reasserted the right of nullification and proposed seven amendments to the constitution to protect New England from the growing influence of the south and west

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Rush-Bagot Agreement

agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes

Adams-Onis Treaty

- ended the Seminole war- Spain ceded all of Florida to the US and gave up its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in the pacific northwest; in return, US gave up its claims to Texas- Seminole tribes were forced westward

Missouri Compromise

- Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state, Missouri as a slave state- slavery would be prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri

Era of Good Feelings

- the rising spirit of nationalism that spread through the US after the War of 1812- reflected in the expansion of the economy, the growth of white settlement and trade in the west, the creation of new states, the character of national politics

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere

speculators

Someone who enters a market (especially land) to buy and then resell at a higher price with the goal of making money

Clay's American System

- Henry Clay's system to promote American industry- advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally founded transportation network

Transportation Revolution

- Period of time, following the turnpike era, in which water transportation canals and railroads were built- new transportation routes increased white settlement of the northwest- internal american trade increased- connected regional and national economics- most important in the north, south had less capital to invest and was less of a priority (south focused on agricultural activity)

Lowell Mills

- textile mills located in Massachusetts- employed mostly women- created the first union of working women

Cult of Domesticity

the idea of a distinctive female culture for middle-class women; placed high value on women's "female virtues"

separate spheres

- described the role of women in public life (they should stay at home)

Alexis de Tocqueville

- Frenchman who visited America- original reason for visiting was to observe American prisons for the French gov- ended up observing American democracy- wrote Democracy in America based on his observations

Corrupt Bargain (election of 1824)

alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor

election of 1824

- corrupt bargain- none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson

Spoils System

practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends, and relatives as a reward for victory

Bank War

Jackson was a "hard-money" supporter, believing that coins were the only safe currency and condemning banks that issued banknotes. Jackson vetoed the bill to renew the Bank of the US and weakened it by removing the government's deposits from it. Result was the shutdown of the bank.