Earth’s resources Science Y8 (copy)

Sodium chloride

• Chemical compound

• NaCl

• Has different properties than that of the elements which it originates from

Three ways to produce salts

• From metals

• From metal carbonate

• From bases

Metal carbonate + acid

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

Base + acid

Salt + water

Metal + acid

Salt + hydrogen

Synthetic material

any product that exists that is artificial or man-made, not found in nature

Natural material

Found within the earth, not man-made

Raw material

Materials in their natural state before they are processor, used in manufacturing

Ceramic mateials

Materials made out of clay soil duck out of the ground and heated over a kiln to form desired shape.

Clay

Can you can be easily shared and ceramics have excellent strength and hardness properties. However, they are often brittle in nature.

Advanced ceramics

Non-clay base materials, instead there, either based on oxides or carbides, borides, nitrides and silicides.

Advanced ceramics benefit

Compared to regular ceramics, they offer much greatest strength.

Composite materials

Materials made up of two or more different types of materials

Polymer

A long chain of molecule is made up of smaller molecules called monomers, which are exactly the same.

Metals are limited, meaning they are _

Finite

Order of discovery of metals

The least reactive metals were found first as they could be found naturally. Those more reactive had to go through chemical reactions to be extracted.

Ore

Naturally occurring rock that contains metal/metal compounds.

Metal reactivity

Platinum last [Pt]

Silver,gold and platinum extraction method

They occur naturally un combined and can be mined directly out of the ground.

Zinc, iron, tin, lead and copper extraction (less reactive than carbon)

Extracted using reduction with carbon, which is a type of displacement reaction.

Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium. (More reactive than carbon)

Extracted using electrolysis (using electricity to split a compound)

Reduction example

Iron oxide(Fe2O3, aka haematite) + carbon(heat) » Iron + carbon dioxide

reaction involving reduction + oxidation

1. The metal oxide is reduced because oxygen is removed to leave the metal by itself.

2. The carbon is oxidised because oxygen has been added to form carbon dioxide.

Atmosphere

The layer of gases which surrounds the planet

water vapour figures

H2O, negligible

carbon dioxide figures

CO2 0.02% of the atmosphere

Argon

Ar less than 1% of the atmosphere

oxygen

O2 21% of the atmosphere

Nitrogen

N2, 78% of the atmosphere

Early atmosphere:

• 74% H2O

• 14% others

• 12% Carbon dioxide

Catalyst

Any substance that increases the rate of a reaction

Properties of Catalysts

• They remain chemically unchanged after the reaction

• They use less energy in a reaction but reach the same point in faster speed

How catalysts benefit industries

• Increase volume of products in a shorter amount of time, which ultimately improves profit/income

How catalysts benefit the environment

Requires less energy for the same results.