Lec 6 - Neoplasms

Neoplasia

• uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body

Neoplasm

• the abnormal growth itself

• tumor

Benign

• well differentiated

Benign

• Growth rate is slow

• mostly inconcsequential

Benign

• localized

• neoplasm is always where it is

• solid mass

Benign

• metastasis is stationary

• possibly resolves spontaneously

Malignant

• poorly differentiated

• Disorganized, cannot tell where it starts or ends, or what type of cell it is

Malignant

• growth rate is fast

  • interferes with body functions

• indicate how long a patient has to live

Malignant

• not localized

• invasive

• has appendages that spread to neighbouring tissues

Malignant

• spreads

• if present in one area of the body, it may be safe to say that there is another elsewhere

Adenoma

• benign neoplasm in glandular cells

Carcinoma

• found in epithelial lining

Sarcoma

• found in mesenchymal cells (fat or muscle)

Lymphoma

• found in lymphocytes (lymph nodes or cells)

Melanoma

• found in melanocytes

• skin cancer

Germ cell tumor

• neoplasm in cells involved in reproduction

Cancer

• SECOND leading cause of deaths

10 million

• no. of deaths per year due to cancer

70%

• how much of cancer deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries

Tobacco, BMI, Alcohol, Fruit and Veg, Physical inactivity

• 1/3 of cancer deaths are due to:

Tobacco

• most important risk factor for cancer

• responsible for 25% of cancer deaths

Cancer-causing infections

• responsible for 30% of cancer cases in low- and lower-middle-income countries

  • more common in women

Genetic Factors

• neoplastic processes are associated with genetic predispositions

• mutations in specific genes or chromosomal regions are inherited and may cause cancer across generations

Physical Carcinogens

• neoplasms may be caused by radiation

Chemical carcinogens

• neoplasms may be caysed by asbestos, tobacco smoking, aflatoxin, arsenic

Biological Carcinogens

• neoplasms may be caused by infectios, bacteria, or parasites

Tobacco, Alcohol, Diet, Physical Inactivity, Air Pollution, Chronic and Carcinogenic infections

• risk factors of neoplasms

Cachexia

• loss of body fat and muscle

• Weakness and wasting

Cytokines

• causes cachexia

Cachexia, hormone-like protein, nerve and muscle syndrome

• systemic effects of neoplasms

Hemorrhage, Obstruction, Herniation, Ulceration

• Local effects of neoplasms

Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy

• specific treatment regimen for neoplasms

Breast, cervical, oral, colorectal

• high cure rates when detected early and treated according to best practices

Testicular seminoma, leukemia, lymphoma

• high cure rates given appropriate treatment

Palliative care

• to relieve, rather than cure

• improve quality of life

• physical, psychosocial, spiritual

Public health, community- and home-based care, morphine access

• OTs provide and advocate for: