Industrialism to Modern Times

Flashcards of the lectures about Industrialism through modern times.

Industrialism

Technological advancements that led to societal change.

Causes of Industrialism

Expanded by immigrants, abundant natural resources, improved transportation, and government support.

Government support of Industrialism

Supporting railroad construction with generous loans and land grants.

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Government doesn’t get involved in the economy; barely any regulations on private enterprise.

Samuel Morse

Perfected the telegraph.

Alexander Graham Bell

Created the telephone.

Thomas Edison

Got over 400 patents, including the light bulb.

Tycoons

Ultra-powerful and wealthy business leaders.

Examples of Tycoons

John D. Rockefeller (oil), Andrew Carnegie (steel), Vanderbilt (railroads), J.P. Morgan (banking).

Monopolies

The exclusive possession or control of the supply of trade in a specific service.

Trusts

Businesses that combined competing companies into one monster company with central management.

Vertical Integration

Buying out your suppliers.

Horizontal Integration

Buying out your competitors.

Robber Barons

Ruthless entrepreneurs whose business practices destroyed smaller competitors; bribed politicians, used cheap labor.

Andrew Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth”

Wealth means divine approval; the wealthy were obligated to help the less fortunate.

Effects of Industrialization

Benefits middle class, greater conveniences, but working class had terrible living situations.

Newsies

Teens who worked for newspaper tycoons delivering newspapers.

Garment Industry

Utilized sweatshops for production, low wages, terrible conditions, led to Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire, women’s strikes.

Thomas Nast

A political cartoonist for Harper's Weekly, put a spotlight on business tycoons, supported minorities, anti-Irish.

Political Machines

Led corruption in politics.

Tammany Hall

One of the most infamous political machines, ran by William “Boss” Tweed.

William “Boss” Tweed

Gave out jobs but expected favors in return; very corrupt, stuffed ballot boxes, used intimidation and violence.

Graft

Funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected to private interests.

Chinese Immigration during the 2nd Industrial Revolution

Poverty in China (push), jobs in America (pull).

Challenges faced by Immigrants

Segregation in schools and jobs.

Old Immigrants

Western Europe.

New Immigrants

Eastern and Southern Europe.

Irish Immigrants

Left due to the Great Potato Famine.

Ellis Island

Island where steamboats full of immigrants would dock and get registration; 75% of immigrants came through here.

Tenements

High-density, multi-storied housing units designed for the urban working class.

Nativism

Favoritism towards Native-born Americans, gave rise to anti-immigrant groups.

The Gilded Age

End of Reconstruction to beginning of the Progressive Era during industrial growth; wealthy enjoyed benefits while the working class struggled.

Rise of Labor Unions

Started to fight big corporations' corruption and abuse, asked for better wages and work conditions.

Businesses' View of Labor Unions

Labeled labor unions as anarchists and trouble makers.

1877 Pittsburg Railway Strike

An early labor strike.

1897 Pullman Company Railway Strike

Government forced strikers to end their boycott.

The Progressive Era

Aims to return control of the government to the people, restore economic opportunities and correct injustices.

Major goals of the Progressive Era

Protect social welfare, promote moral improvement, create economic reform, and foster efficiency.

Muckrakers

Heavily influenced people during the Progressive Era.

Hull House

A settlement house in Chicago started by Jane Addams, providing English lessons, classes, dances, union meetings, etc., for immigrants.

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley wins; assassinated after 6 months.

Teddy Roosevelt

Took over after William McKinley, started the “Square Deal” to deal with big businesses.

Teddy Roosevelt's Conservation Efforts

Didn’t agree that Americans' resources were endless, made many acts to help the environment.

Square Deal Major Goals

Conserve natural resources, control corporations, protect consumers, protect workers.

Coal Strike of 1902

The first strike where the government doesn’t side with the owners.

Newlands Act

Established that the federal government would manage water resources in the West.

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists who exposed politicians and corrupt power figures; exposed society.

The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) by Ida Tarbell

Exposed corruption & monopolies used by the Standard Oil company.

The Shame of the Cities by Lincoln Steffens

Exposed political corruption in the government.

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

Exposed the meatpacking industry, led to new laws.

Effects of “The Jungle”

The Meat Inspection Act and The Pure Food and Drug Act.

Trust Buster

Something passed by Roosevelt to combat trusts and monopolies.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Passed in 1890, but not enforced until Teddy Roosevelt; allowed government to use courts to break up organizations “in restraint of trade”.

Elkins Act

Prohibited discriminatory railway rates that favored powerful people.

Hepburn Act

Established the Interstate Commerce Commission to set shipping rates.

William Howard Taft

Took over after Teddy decided to retire.

Election of 1912

Frustrated by Taft’s presidency, Teddy Roosevelt ran again; Wilson won due to Taft and Roosevelt splitting votes.

Woodrow Wilson

Openly racist, but wanted progress for the working class.

Birth of a Nation

A pro KKK film.

W.E.B. Dubois

First African American to earn a PHD from Harvard, fought for equality.

Niagara Movement

Organized to oppose segregation; established the NAACP; considered the beginning of the Civil Rights movement.

19th Amendment

Allowed women to vote.

NAWSA (National Woman Suffrage Association)

Led by Carrie Chapman, secured women's right to vote through campaigns, demonstrations, and petitions.

Imperialism

Extending power and control over a foreign territory.

Newsland Resolution

The formal addition of Hawaii to the United States.

Spanish-American War

Cubans fought for independence from Spanish rule and the US became involved due to their usage of Cuban resources.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Spain lost the war and gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam; sold the Philippines to the US.

The Panama Canal

A connecting waterway between the Pacific and the Atlantic oceans; the reason why the US helped Panama gain independence from Columbia.

Roosevelt Corollary

Stated that in a case of wrong-doing by a Latin-American country, the United States would intervene in that country’s internal affairs.

MAIN - Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Started WWI; caused by the Austria-Hungary takeover of Serbia; The Black Hand (Gavrillo Princip) shot the archduke.

Causes of WWI

Serbians wanted independence, Russia supports Serbia, Germany supports Austria-Hungary; Germany declares war on Russia and France.

Allied Powers (WWI)

Russia, France, and Great Britain.

Central Powers (WWI)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.

United States during WWI

At first, they didn’t want to intervene at all (Woodrow Wilson); later joined due to Britain’s naval blockades, the sinking of the Lusitania, and the Zimmerman telegram.

CPI (Committee on Public Information)

Convinced Americans to join the war and to raise money.

369th Infantry Regiment (Harlem Hellfighters)

African American section of the army.

Wilson’s 14 Points

Wilson proposed a plan for world peace, urged European allies to promote “peace over victory”.

Armistice Day

The day both sides signed the truce to end WWI.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A secret treaty between the UK and France, split up the control of the rest of the Ottoman empire.

Treaty of Versailles

Officially ended WWI, blamed Germany for everything, leads to Germany going bankrupt and falling apart, leads to the US emerging rich.

Influenza

A flu epidemic that broke out after WWI, devastated the economy.

Culture Wars

The growing fight between Americans in cities vs. rural areas.

Prohibition

Began with the 18th amendment (illegal to make, sell, or transport alcohol), reformers supported this (mainly from rural areas), led to organized crime.

21st Amendment

Repealed the prohibition, made alcohol legal again.

The Red Scare

The Bolshevik Revolution in Russia scared many American leaders.

The Palmer Raids

Federal agents invaded homes and meeting halls, arrested over 5,000 immigrants.

Scopes Trial

Led to Tennessee passing a law making it illegal to teach evolution; ACLU promised to defend teachers willing to challenge the law.

Outcome of Scopes Trial

Opened the question of whether the Bible should be interpreted literally; Scopes was found guilty.

New Roles for Women (1920s)

Many women began entering the workplace as nurses, teachers, librarians, etc.; marriage was now based on romance and birth rates declined.

New Advancements (1920s)

Radios, sound movies, animation.

The Lost Generation

A group of writers and poets from the 1920s.

The Great Migration

WWI created many industry jobs in the north, causing African Americans to migrate North.

Buying on Credit (1920s)

This became a popular way of payment for many families and people trying to keep up with the new trends.

Causes of the Great Depression

Economic depression in Europe, unequal distribution of wealth, deflation, stock market crash, dust bowl.

Deflation (Great Depression)

Americans weren’t buying as much because they couldn’t afford it, led to overproduction (hurt both business and farmers).

President Hoover

Considered too slow in his reaction to the depression, believed in rugged individualism, Hoovervilles.

FDR (Franklin Delano Roosevelt)

Responded quickly and aggressively, came up with the “New Deal” programs to help fight the depression.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)

Served as president for 12 years, used his fireside chats to explain political issues to the public, famous for his “first 100 days”.

Classic Liberalism

Laissez-faire, liberty for the self and liberty for business, self-determination.