Topic 3.5 Genetic modification and biotechnology

Clones

a group of genetically identical cells or individuals.

DNA ligase

a linking enzyme essential for DNA replication.

DNA profiling (DNA fingerprinting)

the analysis of a small amount of genetic material, which is as unique per individual as a fingerprint is, as an aid to identification.

Embryo

the earliest stages in the development of a new plant or animal from a fertilized ovum and entirely dependent on nutrients supplied by the parent.

Gel electrophoresis

the separation of nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge by measuring their rate of movement through a gel.

Genetic modification

the change to the genetic constitution of an organism by artificial methods.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

a technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides.

Plasmid

the DNA of prokaryote in the circular chromosome.

Restriction endonucleases

an enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites, producing small fragments used in genetic engineering.

Somatic cell

all body cells except sex cells (cells producing gametes).