U.S. History Civil War to WWI: Key Events, Effects, and Movements

Effects of disease, infection and malnutrition on soldiers

65% of soldiers died from disease infection and malnutrition.

Conditions of Prisoners of War camps

Conditions were horrible and at Andersonville, Georgia, Prison, there was a rate of 100 dead prisoners each day.

Women's role during Civil War

A lot of women got jobs in factories and worked on farms; some were nurses and some disguised as men and fought in the war and were spies.

Problems with the Confederacy's creating the first conscription

People thought it was unfair because the rich plantation owners were exempt from conscription. It led to the expression this is a 'Rich man's war but a poor man's fight.'

Emancipation Proclamation

Declared that all slaves were free. Lincoln announced it after the North's victory at the Battle of Antietam.

54th Massachusetts

A regiment of mostly African Americans that fought in the war. This regiment became the most decorated unit during the Civil War.

20th Maine

Held their ground in the Battle of Gettysburg on Little Roundtop. A key strategic point on the battlefield. Colonel Joshua Chamberlain ordered the 20th Maine to charge when they ran out of ammunition driving the confederates into a retreat.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln gave this speech at the opening of the Gettysburg cemetery. Lincoln reminded the country of the basic principles on which our nation was founded and emphasized the sacrifice of the soldiers must result in something positive: Ending slavery and uniting the country.

War of Attrition

Grant planned to fight until the south ran out of men and supplies at all costs.

Sherman's March to the Sea

marched from Atlanta to the sea, burning every city and town in his path. An example of 'total warfare.' Some consider it an act of terrorism.

Long-term effects of the American Civil War

Over 600,000 casualties, economy in ruins, bitter feelings between north and south, many towns and cities and farms needed to be rebuilt.

Juneteenth Day

Union soldiers arrived in Galveston, Texas on June 19th 1865. The soldiers freed the slaves and there was a spontaneous celebration in the streets. Today Juneteenth is celebrated in many states as a Holiday.

Lincoln's assassination and impact on Reconstruction

On April 14th 1865, just days after General Lee surrendered, John Wilkes Booth shot president Lincoln as he watched a play at Ford theatre in Washington DC. The immediate impact was Vice President Andrew Johnson took over as President.

Black Codes

President Johnson's actions encouraged confederates to adopt laws limiting the freedom of former slaves. These Black codes closely resembled pre-civil war slave codes.

Frederick Douglass and Enfranchisement

Frederick Douglass was a self-educated former slave who demanded the immediate, unconditional and universal Enfranchisement (right to vote) of black men, in every state in the Union.

Freedmen's Bureau

Republicans moved to extend the life of the —— that distributed food and clothing, served as an employment agency, set up hospitals, and played a major role in providing education for African Americans.

Sharecropping

Was a system where freedmen rented land from landowners and paid with crops. The system was designed to keep the laborers in debt and therefore 'tied' to the land.

Literacy Tests

Tests used to prevent people who could not read from voting. They were usually only given to African Americans in former Confederate States.

Poll Taxes

Taxes that required people to pay in order to vote during Reconstruction. Used to discourage Freedmen from voting.

Segregation

Separation of people by race in public school, transportation, restaurants etc.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that enforced segregation in the South.

Plessy v. Ferguson

The Supreme Court ruling with the famous 'separate but equal' doctrine that essentially allowed segregation.

Bessemer Process

Efficient method of making steel. Made the production of steel 7 times faster allowing more ships, bridges, buildings, trains, cars etc. to be made.

Patent

Exclusive right to manufacture or sell an invention.

Capitalism

System in which private businesses run most industries, and competition determines how much goods costs and workers pay.

Social Darwinism

Theory adapted by philosopher Herbert Spencer that society progresses through competition.

Working conditions during Second Industrial Revolution

High demanding and very bad environments not sustainable for work. The factories and mills were very dangerous and the pay was poor.

Child labor during Second Industrial Revolution

Lots of children were working and the conditions that they worked in weren't good. Kids as young as 4-6 were working in factories with dangerous machinery.

Tenements

Poorly built apartment buildings that housed many impoverished in the late 1800s and the early 1900s.

Political Machines

Well organized political parties that dominated local and state government.

Kickbacks

Payments of part of the earnings from a job.

Progressivism

Reform movement of the early 1900s consumed with curing problems of urbanization and industrialization.

Political changes in Progressivism

Vote for Senators, referendums, initiatives.

Environmental concerns in Progressivism

Factories polluting rivers and air, clear cutting of forests.

Creation of National Park service

To protect land across the country.

Health concerns in Progressivism

Creations of FDA and meat inspection act.

Teddy Roosevelt and the Square Deal

Teddy Roosevelt's 1904 presidential campaign slogan pledging to balance the interests of business, consumers, and labor.

Trust Busting

Teddy Roosevelt's administration filed 44 lawsuits against trusts which were creating monopolies in some industries.

The Pure Food and Drug Act

Law that prohibited the manufacture, sale or transportation of food and medicine containing harmful ingredients and the products needed ingredients labels.

The National Park Service

A federal agency that supervises, funds and protects the land and wildlife in our National parks, monuments, forests, seashores, historical sites.

World War I causes

Militarism, Alliance System, Nationalism, Imperialism.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavril Princip.

Allied Powers

The Allied powers are Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, United States.

Central Powers

The Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Trench Warfare/No-Man's Land

Type of battle where two sides attack, counter attack, and defend from relatively permanent systems of trenches dug into the ground.

New weapons introduced in WWI

Machine guns, tanks, planes, chemical weapons.

Reasons contributing to U.S. entry into WWI

The sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmerman Telegram, Loans to England/France.

Food Administration

Encourage increased agricultural production and conservation of existing food supplies.

The Great Migration

African Americans living in the south moved up to the North looking for job opportunities and to escape Jim Crow laws.

Espionage Act

Sought to cut down on wartime activities that were seen as dangerous or disloyal.

Sedition Act

Prevented people from writing, speaking, or using anything to speak out against the war.

Battle of the Argonne Forest

A battle which helped save France from falling to Germany.

Wilson's 14 Points

Wilson proposed 14 points that would be the program for world peace, including self-determination and the establishment of the League of Nations.

Global impact of WWI

Revolution in Russia, 4 empires collapsed, over 8.5 million people died, and Europe left in ruins.

Impact of WWI on U.S.

One year economic recession, U.S. emerges as an even stronger economic power, and military leader.