AP BIO unit 3

Metabolism

Metabolism

All the chemical reactions occuring in an organism

Metabolic Pathway

starts with specific molecule and ends with product

Catabolic Pathway

break down complex molecules to simple compounds

Exergonic

release energy

Anabolic Pathway

build complex molecules from simple ones

Endergonic

needs energy input

Breaking molecules =

less organization and lower energy state

Building molecules =

more organization and higher energy state

Kinetic Energy

energy of motion

Potiential Energy

energy potiential depending on location and structure

Thermal Energy

kinetic energy of atoms and molecules

Chemical Energy

potiential energy in chemical reaction

Free Energy

energy available for work

ΔG

change in free energy

Entropy

measure of disorder

Exergonic Reaction

net release of free energy, spontaneous

Endergonic Reaction

net absorption of free energy, nonspontaneous

Spontaneous

(-ΔG) (+ΔS)

Nonspontaneous

(+ΔG) (-ΔS)

Adenosine triphosphate

modified nucleotide

Chemical cellular work

building polymers

Transport cellular work

pump molecules across membrane

Mechanical cellular work

beating of cilia

What can you use an exergonic process for?

fueling an exergonic one with released energy

ATP and ADP cycle

cant store ATP, good energy donor

Activation Energy (EA)

amount of energy needed to break bonds of molecules

Catalysts

reduce of amount of energy to start a reaction

Substrate

reactant the enzyme acts on

Enzyme-substrate complex

temporary association

Active Site

region of the enzyme substrate binds on

Enzyme Shape

can change to fit substrate, “lock and key model”

Cofactor

inorganic enzyme activator such as metal

Coenzyme

organic cofactor such as vitamins

Competitive inhibitor

competes with substrate for active sit

Noncompetitive inhibitor

binds to other part of enzyme, causing active site shape to change

Allosteric Regulation

may inhibit or stimulate enzymes activity

Allosteric Activator

binding stabalizes active form of enzyme

Allosteric Inhibitor

bindind stabalizes inactive form of enzyme

Feedback Inhibiton

End product of metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

Cellular Respiration

when cells derive energy from glucose

Cellular Respiration Equation

(equation)

LEO

Lose Electrons = Oxidized

GER

Gain Electrons = Reduced

Glycolisis

breaks glucose into two pyruvate molecules

Citric Acid Cycle

completes breakdown of glucose

Oxidative Phosphorylation

accounts for most of ATP synthesis

Cellular Respiration Process

(photo)

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

ATP produced in Glycolisis and Citric Acid Cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Process

(photo)

Oxidative Phosphorylation Process

(photo)

Route of electrons during Cellular Respiration

Glucose - NADH - ETC - Oxygen

Fermentation occurs when

When oxygen in not present after glycolisis

Photosyntheis

process that converts light energy into chemical energy

Autotrophs

produce their own food (producers)

Heterotrophs

comsume other organisms (consumers)

Site of photosyntheis

Leaves, CO2 enters and O2 exits pores called stomata

Two parts of photosynthesis

Light reactions and Calvin Cycle

Wavelength

distance between crests of waves

Pigments

absorb visible light, wavelengths not absorbed are reflected

Light Reactions Process

(photo)