UPCAT (Science) - Astronomy

Science

is a body of knowledge, and a method of how we learned that knowledge

Astronomy

study of things in the sky

Astrology

study of the stars

Geocentrism

all the objects in the sky revolve about the earth, and are fixed to a series of nested spheres, some of which are transparent maybe made of crystal which spin once per day

Geo means

Earth

Centrism means

at the center

Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus

came up with the idea that the sun was the center of the solar system, not the Earth

Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler

who modified that system, making it even better

Isaac Newton

He invented calculus partly to help him understand the way objects moved in space

Galileo Galilei

made the telescopes better

Photography

we can capture much fainter objects on glass plates sprayed with light-sensitive chemicals, which revealed stars otherqise invisible to us, details in galaxies, beautiful clouds of gas and dust in space

We can only directly see what % of the universe

4%

Universe

everything, from the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies, to the very existence of space, time, and life

Big Bang Theory

the universe began as a hot and infinitely dense point, only a few millimeters wide, it was similar to a supercharged black hole

Radiation Era

named for the dominance of radiation right after the Big Bang

Plank Epoch

It is the earliest

No Matter existed in the universe at this time

Temperature of Plank Epoch

10^40 Kelvin

What existed during Plank Epoch

energy and superforce

Superforce

4 Forces of nature

What are the 4 Forces of nature

Gravity, Strong Nuclear, Weak, Electromagnetic

At the end of superforce stage, a key event occured

Gravity split away from the superforce

Gravity split away from the superforce

Grand Unification Epoch

Temperature of Grand Unification Epoch

10^36 Kelvin

Inflationary Epoch

began during the universe rapidly expanded

Temperature for Inflationary Epoch

10^33 Kelvin

Electroweak Epoch

When the last 2 force (electromagnetic, weak) finally split off

Temperature of Electroweak Epoch

10^20 Kelvin

Quark Epoch

all of the universe’s ingredients were present, however the universe was still too hot and dense for subatomic particles to form

Temperature of Quark Epoch

10^16

Hadron Epoch

the universe cooled down enough for quarks to bind together and form protons and neutrons

Temperature for Hadron Epoch

10^10 Kelvin

Lepton and Nuclear Epoch

The protons and neutrons underwent a significant change.

The universe cooled enough for protons and neutrons to combine and form

Atomic nuclei

Helium

created during the Big Bang nucleosynthesis

Matter Era

The universe’s new ability to form elements, the building blocks of matter

Atomic Epoch

The universe’s temperature cooled down enough for electrons to attach to nuclei for the first time.

Recombination

helped create the universe’s second element, hydrogen

First chemical element in the universe

Helium

Universe second element

Hydrogen

Temperature for Atomic Epoch

3000 Kelvin

TABB of Atomic Epoch

50,000 years

TABB of Galactic Epoch

200 million years ago

Galactic Epoch

This hydrogen, along with helium atoms dotted the universe with atomic clouds. Within the clouds, small pockets of gas may have had enough gravity to cause atoms to collect

Stellar Epoch

Nestled inside those galaxies, stars began to form

TABB of Stellar Epoch

3 billion years

Stars

Gently dot and illuminate the infinite velveteen sky

Stars are born in

Nebulae

Nebulae

clouds of gas and dust in space and mostly hydrogen gas

Protostars

hot cores formed by the collection and collapse of dust and gas

As the protostars become hotter, hydrogen nuclei inside of the cores begin to fuse and create

Helium

Beginning of life of stars

Protostars

Thermonuclear Fusion

A chemical reaction that generates a stars heat and energy and causes it to shine

Characteristics of Stars: Spectral Classes

By surface temperature

Characteristics of Stars: Luminosity

Amount of light they emit

No matter their luminosity or surface temperature, all stars eventually

Burn

True or False: Our sun is less massive star

True

Less massive star such as our sun release their stellar material into space leaving behind a

White dwarf

White dwarf is surrounded by a

Planetary nebula

Black Holes

A region in space where the force of gravity is so strong

Fastest known entity in our universe

Light

Event Horizon

Boundary of a black hole

Stellar Black Holes

form when massive stars die and collapse

Supermassive Black Holes

They are giants by comparison

Saggitarius

Supermassive black hole at the center of the milky way has a mass of roughly 4 million suns

Our own galaxy

Andromeda and Milky Way Galaxy

Accretion Disks

A disk of particles that form when gases and dust fall toward a black hole

Quasars

jets of particles that blast out of supermassive black holes

Black holes remained largely unknown until what century

20th

Karl Schwarzschild

a German physicist calculated that any mass can become a black hole

Constellation cygnus discovered the first black hole

Black Hole Cgynus x-7

Galaxy

a cluster of millions of stars held together by gravity

Empty space

Massive regions and there's gases and dust and millions of stars but also a lot of just emptiness

Spiral Galaxies (Pinwheel galaxy)

has classical spiral shape and these tend to be younger more active galaxies where we have active regions of star formation

Elliptical Galaxies

Egg-shaped galaxies which tend to be large, a little less organized and not quite as active

Irregular Galaxies

the largest and also made up of mostly ancient stars that are dying out

Solar System

found in a spiral galaxy known as the Milky Way

In how many years the milky way will collide and merge with the Andromeda Galaxy

4.5 billion years

Universe

It is massive and every little dot in small section of the sky is an entire galaxy

Entire Galaxy

Every point of light, bright and dim

How many galaxies are there in a universe?

100 - 200 billion

Solar Nebula

A swirling disc of material that collided to form the solar system

What % of stars in the galaxy host planetary

15%

What is Sun

Star

How many planets are revolving around the sun

8

What are Terrestrial Planets?

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars

Terrestrial Planets

primarily made of rocky material, surfaces are solid, no ring systems

Mercury

smallest and closest planet to the sun

Venus

hottest planet with temperature of up to 867°F

Earth

A world of water

Mars

might have supported life ~ 3.7 billion years ago

Jovian Planets

Beyond the 4 terrestrial planets of the inner solar system lie this planet of the outer solar system

2 Gas Giants

Jupiter & Saturn

2 Ice Giants

Uranus & Neptune

Gas Giants

predominantly made of helium and hydrogen

Ice Giants

contain rock, ice, and a liquid mixture of water, methane, and ammonia

Jupiter

the largest jovian and largest planet in the solar system

Saturn

nearby Jupiter, the solar system’s second largest planet

How many kilometers have Saturn signature rings

282,000 Kilometers

How many miles have Saturn signature rings

175,000 Miles

How thick is saturn

1 Kilometer (.62 miles)