Advanced Placement United States History Units 2 - 8 Mr. Miller's Class

What was the significance of the French and Indian War?

It was a conflict between Britain and France in North America, leading to British dominance in the region.

Who was Samuel de Champlain?

The founder of Quebec and known as the 'Father of New France'.

What was the economic focus of French settlers in Canada?

The fur trade, particularly beaver pelts.

What was the Albany Plan?

A proposal by Benjamin Franklin for colonial home rule to unite against French expansion.

What was the outcome of the War of Jenkins' Ear?

A conflict between Britain and Spain that was part of the larger global war involving multiple European powers.

What was the impact of the French and Indian War on British colonial policy?

It led to increased British control and taxation of the colonies to pay for war debts.

What was the role of Jesuit missionaries in New France?

They tried to Christianize Indians and served as explorers and geographers.

What was the significance of the Ohio Valley in colonial conflicts?

It was a key area sought by both French and English for control of the continent.

What was Franklin's proposal for colonial governance?

The Albany Plan, which was considered too radical by the British government.

What was the outcome of Braddock's disaster?

The British General Braddock's slow march made him an easy target for guerilla attacks, leading to a French and Indian victory.

Who became the leader of the British war effort during the French and Indian War?

William Pitt, who focused on Quebec and Montreal.

What significant event occurred at the Battle of Quebec in 1760?

It marked the last time a French flag flew in Canada.

How did the French and Indian War impact colonial confidence?

Colonials gained confidence in their military strength after fighting alongside British regulars.

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

A law prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to maintain peace with Native Americans.

What economic policy did Britain use to control the colonies?

Mercantilism, which justified control by claiming that power is wealth.

What were the Navigation Acts?

Laws that regulated colonial commerce, requiring all goods to pass through England.

What were enumerated articles?

Certain products that could only be sold to the British Empire, such as sugar and tobacco.

What was the Sugar Act of 1764?

A tax on sugar and coffee imports, leading to colonial protests against taxation without representation.

What did the Stamp Act of 1765 require from colonists?

Colonists had to buy special stamps for printed materials, leading to widespread opposition.

Who were the Sons of Liberty?

A group that opposed British rule and took direct action against the Stamp Act.

What was the Declaratory Act?

An act asserting Parliament's authority to tax the colonies, which colonists largely ignored after the repeal of the Stamp Act.

What did the Townshend Acts impose?

Indirect taxes on imports like glass, lead, paper, and tea.

What was the Boston Massacre?

An incident where British soldiers killed five colonists, escalating tensions between Britain and the colonies.

What was the Tea Act of 1773?

An act that required colonists to buy tea only from the British East India Company, seen as a monopoly.

What was the Boston Tea Party?

A protest where the Sons of Liberty dumped British tea into Boston Harbor.

What were the Coercive Acts?

Acts meant to punish Massachusetts, known as the Intolerable Acts by colonists.

What was the First Continental Congress?

A meeting of delegates from 12 colonies to discuss grievances against Britain.

What did Patrick Henry famously declare?

"Give me liberty or give me death!"

What was the significance of the battles of Lexington and Concord?

They marked the beginning of armed conflict between Britain and the colonies.

Who led the capture of Fort Ticonderoga?

Benedict Arnold and the Green Mountain Boys.

What was the Olive Branch Petition?

A final attempt by moderates to prevent war by professing loyalty to the Crown and seeking peace.

What happened at the Battle of Bunker Hill?

Colonials inflicted heavy casualties on British forces despite ultimately losing the hill.

What was the outcome of the Second Continental Congress?

Delegates selected George Washington as the head of the Continental Army.

What was the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms?

A document drafted by Jefferson and Dickinson appealing to the king to address colonial grievances.

What battle is considered the bloodiest of the American Revolutionary War?

The Battle of Bunker Hill.

What proclamation did King George III make on August 23, 1775?

He proclaimed the colonies in rebellion, akin to a declaration of war.

What was the significance of hiring Hessians during the Revolutionary War?

It demonstrated British commitment to suppress the colonies and shifted American loyalty.

What was the impact of Thomas Paine's 'Common Sense'?

It effectively argued for independence and influenced Congress to pursue it.

When was the motion for independence adopted by Congress?

July 2, 1776.

Who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson.

What are the three major parts of the Declaration of Independence?

The Preamble, a list of grievances, and the formal declaration of independence.

What philosophical influence is evident in the Declaration of Independence?

John Locke's ideas on natural rights.

What percentage of colonists were Loyalists during the Revolutionary War?

About 33%.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Saratoga?

It was a turning point that secured French support for the American cause.

What was Valley Forge known for during the winter of 1777-78?

It was where Washington's army endured severe hardships but emerged stronger.

What did Benedict Arnold do that was considered a major betrayal?

He plotted to sell out West Point to the British.

What was the Articles of Confederation?

The first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1777.

What was the Franco-American Alliance?

A 1778 agreement where France recognized American independence and provided military support.

Who was John Paul Jones?

The most famous American naval leader during the Revolutionary War.

What strategy did the British adopt in 1778?

They focused on the Southern colonies.

What was the significance of the Battle of Yorktown?

It was the last major battle of the war, leading to British surrender.

What was the Newburgh Conspiracy?

A threat by Continental Army officers to take over the government due to unpaid wages.

What role did Nathaniel Greene play in the Southern campaign?

He cleared Georgia and South Carolina of most British troops.

What was the Treaty of Fort Stanwix?

The first treaty between the U.S. and Native Americans, resulting in land loss for the Indians.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Trenton?

Washington's army captured about 1,000 Hessians after a surprise attack.

What was the significance of the Battle of Princeton?

It boosted American morale and forced the British to retreat.

What was the impact of the British loss at Saratoga?

It led to the French alliance and increased international support for the Americans.

Who were the 'Tories'?

Loyalists who supported British rule during the American Revolution.

What was the primary reason many Americans shifted their loyalty from Britain?

The hiring of Hessians and acts of violence against colonists.

What did the Declaration of Independence state about all men?

That all men are created equal and have rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

What was the role of Baron von Steuben at Valley Forge?

He trained the Continental Army, improving their discipline and effectiveness.

What event led to the collapse of Lord North's ministry in March 1782?

The losses in India, West Indies, and the Mediterranean Sea.

Who were the American diplomats that negotiated with the British during the Treaty of Paris?

Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay.

What was the main concern of John Jay regarding French intentions during the negotiations?

He believed the French wanted to keep Americans east of the Appalachian Mountains and give western territory to Spain.

What did the Treaty of Paris of 1783 accomplish for the United States?

Britain formally recognized the independence of the US and granted generous boundaries.

What were the boundaries granted to the US in the Treaty of Paris of 1783?

From the Mississippi River in the west, Great Lakes in the north, and Spanish Florida in the south.

What did the British promise regarding slaves in the Treaty of Paris?

British promised that troops would not take slaves from America.

What concessions did Americans agree to in the Treaty of Paris?

Loyalists could not be further persecuted, and Congress would recommend restoring confiscated Loyalist property.

What was the impact of the American Revolution on Loyalists?

Many conservative Loyalists left America, paving the way for more democratic reforms.

What was the significance of the Quok Walker case in Massachusetts in 1781?

It effectively ended slavery in Massachusetts.

What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 establish regarding slavery?

Slavery was not allowed above the Ohio River.

What was the primary purpose of the Articles of Confederation?

To create a loose union of equal states with limited federal power.

What were some weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Could not raise money, regulate commerce, or raise an army without state consent.

What was the Land Ordinance of 1785?

It provided for the sale of acreage in the Old Northwest Territory to pay national debt.

What was the outcome of Shay's Rebellion in 1786?

It highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and led to calls for a stronger central government.

What was the purpose of the Annapolis Convention in 1786?

To settle interstate commerce issues.

What major concept did James Madison advocate for at the Constitutional Convention?

A stronger national government than the states.

What was the 'Great Compromise' at the Constitutional Convention?

It established representation in the House of Representatives based on population.

What was the Virginia Plan?

A proposal for representation in Congress based on population.

What was the New Jersey Plan?

A proposal for equal representation in Congress regardless of state size.

What did the term 'Republican Motherhood' refer to?

The idea that women should raise good citizen sons and manage households.

What was the significance of Jefferson's Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom in 1786?

It established the principle of separation of church and state.

How did the American Revolution impact women's roles in society?

Women managed farms and businesses, became politically active, and expressed their thoughts more freely.

What was the impact of the cotton gin on slavery in the South?

It strengthened the institution of slavery after 1793.

What was the outcome of the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

The Articles of Confederation were scrapped, leading to the creation of the U.S. Constitution.

What was the primary concern of the propertied class after the Revolution?

Fear of a 'mobocracy' and the need for a stronger central government.

What was the role of African Americans during the Revolutionary War?

They fought on both sides, with some promised freedom for their service.

What was the significance of the Articles of Confederation in American history?

It was the first plan of government for the United States, highlighting the challenges of decentralized power.

What did the Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787 establish for territories?

Territories could become states when their population reached 60,000, ensuring equal status with other states.

What was the Great Compromise?

A compromise that established representation by population in the House of Representatives and equal representation in the Senate, with each state having two senators.

What powers were granted to the Executive Branch?

The Executive Branch enforces laws, serves as military commander-in-chief, appoints domestic offices including judgeships, and has veto power over legislation.

What is the Electoral College?

A system used to elect the president, where electors chosen by states cast votes.

What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?

A compromise that counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes in the House.

What did the Commerce Compromise entail?

Congress could tax imports but not exports, resolving conflict between agricultural and industrial states.

What inspired the system of Checks and Balances?

The principles outlined by Montesquieu in 'The Spirit of the Laws'.

What are the three branches of government established by the Constitution?

Executive (enforces law), Legislative (makes law), Judicial (interprets law).

What is the Supremacy Clause?

The clause stating that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land and federal power supersedes state power.

What was the purpose of the Bill of Rights?

To protect minority and individual rights while preserving a strong centralized government.

What was the Judiciary Act of 1789?

A law that established one Chief Justice and five associate justices, allowing the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of state court decisions.

What was Hamilton's Financial Program?

A plan to pay off national debt, assume state war debts, impose tariffs, and create a national bank.