Cell Molecular Biology chapter 1 (Miles)

who is credited with the discovery of cells and refining Leeuwenhook's microscope?

Robert Hooke

who is known for creating microscopes

Antoine van Leeuwenhook

who is credited with creating the cell theory?

Theodore Schwann

what are the tenets of cell theory?

1. all organisms are comprised of cells

2. the cell is the unit structure of life.

3. cells can arise only from preexisting cells

4. cells contain DNA which is passed down from parent to daughter cells.

How do cells reproduce?

cell division

what is metabolism?

the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

common features of both eukaryotes and prokarytoes

plasma membrane

DNA

similar mechanisms for transcription and translation

similar metabolic pathways (glycolisis and TCA cycle)

similar photosynthesis (cyanobacteria and plant cells)

Proteasomes (archaebacteria and eukaryotes)

cytoskeletal filaments built of proteins similar to actin and tubulin

differences of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

complex chromosomes

organelles ( ER, lysosomes, endosomes, peroxisomes, glyoxisomes)

flagella and cilia

cellulose cell walls (plants

cell division using microtubules

presence of 3 different RNA polymerases

sexual reproduction requiring meiosis and fertilization

what is cell differentiation ?

the process in which some cells become more specialized and distinct

what is an angstrom ?

1 length (diameter) of a hydrogen atom

what are some reasons cells are so small?

as cell size increases, surface are/volume ration decreases, cell would not be able to take in enough nutrients from its environment for survival

what is a virion?

a virus existing outside of a cell as a particle

what is a capsid?

a protein capsule that contains the genetic material of a virion.

what is a provirus?

integrated viral DNA

Bright field microscopy

Object must be transparent (visible by staining )

staining usually toxic

Phase contrast microscopy

highly transparent objects more visible without staining

living cells

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)

gives a 3d quality to the image

fluorescence microscopy

cell or subcellular structures are made to fluoresce

electron microscopy

Electron beam rather than light beam

very expensive and time consuming

used to view sub-celluar structures

what do viruses lack

lack a plasma membrane, organelles, and cannot replicate without binding to a host cell

what are HeLa cells?

Cultured tumor cells from a Cancer patient (Henrietta Lacks)

Primary culture

cell obtained directly form the organism

limited capacity to proliferate

similar to original tissue

Secondary Culture

derived from previous primary culture

cell line

Cells made with modifications that allow them to proliferate indefinitely

what are fluorochromes

release visible light upon absorbing UV rays

allogenic stem cell transplants

non self

received from donor

rejection likely

autologous transplants

self

pluripotent

can differentiate into any cell

induced pluripotent cells (IPS)

somatic cells reprogrammed to be pluripotent like ES cells

Adult stems cells are pluripotent. T or F?

false , they are multipotent

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent. T or F?

True

somatic cell nuclear transfer

Customizes the genetics of ES cells so they resemble the patient

6 model organsims for cell biology

E. Coli

yeast

mustard plant

c. elegans

Drosophila (fruit fly)

mouse