TEST #1: Society, its Limits and Possibilities
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109 Terms
Adam Smith
Wrote well about society and its limits
Looks at the system that encompasses us
We can look at the history of our society
his history helps understand the colonial society
born in Scotland
1723
went to University of Glasgow
Center of the Scottish enlightenment
It was when the monarch would try to be less tyrannical
Was a turn away from religion, towards science as a whole
Monarchy to Liberalism
Born into the family that ran things to democracy and liberty of people
(Demos)(acy) = rule
Demos = = the people
Acy = rule
Rule of the people
Western Europe during the 1650-1800
Western Europe
Moves away from religion
Move toward science
Long period from Greeks and romans to this period
Answer the texts of religious scholars
Attempt to use Aristotle
Does not work well, but well enough
Move to rationalism to scientific
Example
Gravity = can be read
Instead they said that they would watch rocks fall and measure it
Big process
Parts to Adam Smith’s Argument on Society
Roman and Mediterranean Sea
Medieval Europe
Renaissance
Early Modern Commercial Society
Roman and Mediterranean Sea
Roman
Colosseum
Lasted 1000 years
Ended in the 450s
Participation was political
Based on propriated male of a significant stature
Very big
Mediterranean Sea
Western Europe above
Spain Italy
Middle East
Rivers
Typrus
Eufradies
Flooded man years
Land became fertile
Mesopotamia = land between the rivers
Story = the epic of gilgamesh
Writing was invented here
Medieval Europe
Early form of a castle
Brutal knights
Social history of context of fairytales
Suit of armour
High tech back in 600 CE
Serious fighting person
No romance
The actual political history and social h
Lands of means of power and protection
Not just farming
Make yourself powerful and protect your holdings
Became a petty prince
Not one king but many
Spread all over the land
Each one of their own origin
His tenants = subjects
Piece of land is controlled by them = he is the leader
Was a judge, leader in war
Decisions on social and economic things were up to him
Upper area = people of France later
Speak a common languages
Set of practices, geographical traits
Roughly the French state
Not France yet
No countries exist yet
One is usually the most powerful
Major invasions
Smaller princes go to the major petty prince =
Always has a soverign threat
Force and violence = always
Fight neighbors and soverigns
Not a royal commision of telling them how to live
It was the nesscarty of survival
History happens to us, even if it is talked and depicted
Security of a landed estate, protection of the land
Divided = ruined it
Key rules during Medieval Europe for dividing land
Primogeniture
Entails
Primogeniture
First born
Masculine
Always the first son of the family
he gets the land and all that comes with it after the father dies
Entails
it is intherited in the family
When the partiarchy passes away
There is no will
The entire estate goes to the first born male
Still around in the time of Smith
Cannot sell the land at all
Never divided
Intact
1800-1900s
No renvenus generating
Sold the whole estate to them Americans
Why were Primogeniture and Entails key components of Medieval society?
Why?
They wanted to be intact a
Grow the land and power base
Social and political story = the laws
Necceisity of the situations
Adopt customs of keeping the land intact
Stays entire
Comes out of a social and political story
Material things
Key Quote on page 237 about Serfs and Petty Princes
Page 237
“They were all or almost all slaves; but their slavery was a milder kind than known among the ancient Greeks and Romans, or even in our West Indian colonies. they were supposed to belong more directly to the land than to their master. They could, therefore, be sold with it, but not separately. They could marry, provided it was with the consent of their master; and he could not afterwards dissolve the marriage by selling the man and wife to different persons. If he maimed or murdered any of them, he was liable to some penalty, though generally but to a small one. They were not, however, capable of acquiring property. whatever they acquired was acquired to their master, and he could take it from them at pleasure. Whatever cultivation and Improvement could be carried on by means of such slaves, was properly carried on by their master. It was at his expense. The seed, the cattle, and the instruments of husbandry were all his. It was a benefit for his benefit. Such slaves could acquire nothing but their daily maintenance. It was properly the proprietor himself, therefore, that, in this case, occupied his own lands, and cultivated them by his own bondman. The species of slavery still subsists in Russia, Poland, Hungry, Bohemia, Moravia, and other parts of Germany. It is only in the Western and Southwestern provinces of europe, that his gradually been abolished all together”
Serfs
Slavery
Belonged to the land rather than the master
Petty prince
Land is there
Did not own the people they were attached the land
Different model
Motivated by different insitutions
How to function and work against them
Rooted in the petty prince model
What happened in the Renaissance Period?
Rome had towns = major trading
Gone when the Roman Empire fell
The people were poor
Poor tradesman and mechanics
Cross people
Make things and sell/trade them to others
Sandals
Pans
They travel the estates to sell them to trade other things
Owned by Petty Prince
9/10 = possession
1/10 = is yours with proof
By force
Travel through with monetary payment
Petty taxes
Inefficient
Hard to trade things
Early Modern Commercial Society
Transition from Rome that moves to commercial liberal society
Towns begin
Make things and sell them
No market
Make them in areas that were the center of the town
Blacksmiths and workers made things
Clusters of towns = where Rome had been
Development of crafts
Very poor and low development
Around it was estates
They were divided
Fair-day
The petty prince controls all of it
Charge fees to the sellers
Key Quote on page 246-47 about taxes
page 246-47
They seemed, indeed, to have been a very poor, mean sett of people, who used to travel about with their goods from place to place, and from fair to fair, like the Hawkers and the pedlars of the present times. in all the different countries of Europe then, in the same manner as in several of the Tartar governments of Asia at present, taxes to be levied upon the persons and goods of travelers, when they pass through certain manners, when they went over certain bridges, when they carried about their goods from place to place in a fair, when they erected in it a booth or stall to sell them
"passage, pontage, lastage, and stallage"
Taxes are on the person
Passed through certain areas or bridges
Taxes were collected and controlled the land = revenue generation
What happened over time to trade and petty princes?
Over time
Forward looking petty prince
Makes the farming, mining, building, and other things more efficient
Replaced all the taxes with an annual toll tax
Certain traders got toll taxes and had free reign
Free traders
Free to do things and
Many generations when through it
Key quote on page 248 of Smith about how taxes were collected
page 248
“That part of the king's Revenue which arose from such poll taxes in any particular town, used commonly to be lett in a farm, during a term of years for a rent certain, sometimes to the sheriff of the country, and sometimes to other persons. The burghers themselves frequently got credit enough to be admitted to farm the revenues of this sort which arose out of their own town, they becoming jointly and severally answerable for the whole rent.”
Appoint someone in the town to be the sheriff = give taxes to the prince
Farming the tax/rent
Let in farm
Farmers and their importance in the Early Modern Commercial Society
Harvest the products
Farming = collecting/harvesting
Someone would collect the free taxes and put it in a chest and therefore give it to the petty prince
Process moves from annual to perpetual system
No re-negotiations
No cost of living clause or annual pay
Gives the town freedom
Final stage
Powers given to the town to control themselves and society
Certain perpetual taxes
Not a lot of work in towns
Planning to take over land
This is a capitalist time
Born and raised where were think it is commercial
Not to interested in this
Grew over time
Lancelot and Guinevere
Fairytales
Castles
Lancelot = knight
Is a warrior
Social history of the process
Start of the historical aristocracy
Protected by the norms
Entails and primogeniture
Passed down
Early modern period
Kings
Queens
Dukes
Versions of the aristocracy
Read history = how things actually happened
End up with things that are stated in fairytales
How did they create the New World in the Early Modern Commercial Society
The town = free bird + own powers + own rent each year
Commercial power = growth
More and more rich and powerful
The wealth goes up and more than the petty princes
Princes = Charge rent on the land and will be taken over by the wealth of the land
Does it mean there is no agency and will unfold and react
KEY QUOTE ON PAGE 250 OF SMITH
How did the towns change in the Early Modern Commercial Society
Power to the towns
It was a bad deal
For the towns = good deal
Aristocrats = beg town for money
A sort of independent republics in dominions
Basic freedom
Power on their own
Govern themselves
No votes yet
Lead to the destruction of the petty prince system
What are the two models
Italy and Switzerland
France and England
Model of Italy and Switzerland
Sovereign and lost his authority
Each town is a thriving city and no sovereign rises
The towns are the center of activity
Italy = country later
Geographical dispersion of Italians and there are city states
Machiavelli next week
Famous book= the Prince
Social history of Machiavelli
Renaissance principalities
Not Renaissance city states
It is his reality of states
Make Italy great again
Have authority not much
There is allegiance to the nobles
Late Medieval Renaissance
Machiavelli = evil
Did not mind killing people
Trying to get power from the prince
Everyone in the family will be killed not just the prince
People becoming Princes
Take over a principalities
Worried about the people
Not about rights
Need the people to produce
Cannot make people despise you = no productive potential
There is no "glory"
Not just in battle
There is a lot of wealth to art, learning, philosophy and architecture
Principalities
Don't work hard for you
There is no glory for the prince
Pay attention to the people and how he says they are important
No human rights or caring
Political philosophy
Model of France and England
KEY QUOTEO ON PAGE 252-253
“In countries such as France or england, where the authority of the sovereign, though frequently very low, never was destroyed all together, the cities had no opportunity to be coming entirely independent. they became, however, so considerable that The Sovereign could impose no tax upon them come up besides the stated farm-rent of the town, without their own consent. they were, therefore, called upon to send deputies to the general assembly of the states of the kingdom, where they might join with the clergy and the Barons in granting, upon urgent occasions, some extraordinary Aid to the king. being generally too more favorable to his power, their Deputy seem, sometimes, to have been employed by him as a counterbalance in those assemblies to the authority of the Great lords. hence the origin of the representation of burghs in the states general of all the great monarchies in Europe“
Never was destroyed
No opportunity of independence
The sovereignhood of the
Without consent
Geographical dispersion
Same culture, religion, and area
Petty princes in the early medieval period
One is bigger = the sovereign
Have the power to be the biggest and most powerful
Have multiple princes to help them to
The smaller princes can push out the others
The sovereign develops
Maintain their ability
Decline of petty princes
The towns grow but the end up with no independence
Their deals will pay their taxes with the sovereign and pay the annual tax
Cannot free themselves
They are interested in the national army, support for schools, and ports
Does not have the cash to build these things
Cash = in the towns and have the productive power
Town = are the annual taxes
Has representatives from the towns to come and talk about how there are commo0n interests and make England a better country
Deal made
Sovereign gives the house the right to consent and a say in how to run the country
Beginning of consent
lead to the beginning of liberalism or democracy
Consent to the laws of the land = making the laws of the land and governing yourself
3 important parts of the division of labor
Dexterity
Time of saving
Development of technology or instrumental reason
Examples of the Division of Labor
Pin making
Making of a pin
Find the tools
Lack physical dexterity
Lost of time because material are not all there
steam engine
Handcraft
The steam engine = invented but not in Europe
There are tables to make things
Conver belt style
Takes out the land steps in between and focuses on each person
Straighten a wire = dexterity
Time saving = maximized
Set up and people are doing this at separate tables = instrumental reasoning and improves the systems
Comes from the division of labor
Production of many rather than one
Ramped up production
Importance concepts in Division of labor
Prior property
Truck, barter, and exchange one things for another
example
Great Dane
Big
Ollie
Small
Both skills are needed
A stream and both need to get to the other side
One side there is a couch
The Great Dane's favorite toy is stuck
If Ollie goes he could die
Ollie could get the ball
They make a deal
But they can't do that
Smith's argument is that they can do it but they don't make deals
They divide the labor between each other
Primiative troop
People are good at making things
Others are good at hunting
Different set of skills and there is a place to focus on that
Trade it with each other
Important in society
The Woolen coat example
PAGES 18-20
Where did it come from
Ex
Wool = sheep
Sheep farmer
A lot of inputs that go into the sheep
Shears
Cut the wool off the sheep
They are made out of steel
Comes from a mine
Oar
Needs to have charcoal
Someone cuts down a tree for the charcoal
Needs to be traded by ship
Many things go into a ship
Someone puts money into shipping companies
Lawyers, contracts, and policing are required
Take one thing out of the system there will be not woolen coat
Needs to go to the store to be bought
Add the hands = uncountable number of hands
Each get a fraction of the price
This is how the system works
Why do we do things for each other and together according to Smith
Egoism
Self interest of the person to make things for people
Altruism
People have sympathy for each other
They are not making it to make people happy
Doing it for the market
Interest in improving yourself
It is there self-interest
BIG IDEA IN THE WORLD
How it works
Early account of the market and how it clears
Supply and demand
Language from Smith is the same concept
Ex
Frying pans
How to make it
$10 each if there are 100 of them on the market
Supply
If they are purchased it is a good year
The demand is 100 = the supply is happy and it works in the market
120 a year
Supply
Expansion of the business
Not worth $10
Demand
Slows down
They lower the price at certain points
120 are eventually sold = clear
A price is sold back and they would lower the price or lower the supply
Price signals !
Tells how much to make
Happens through the market not people telling them what to do
Invisiable hand
If there is an invisiable hand is working
Look at Jean Jaques Russo
Oribit of the sun
The Invisiable hand will correct it
It happens independent over a government or organization
3 major sources of production, wealth, money
Rent
Wages
Profit
Rent
Money the economy can count is being made by the aristocrats
Land owners
Not as powerful but still major land owners
Riches = rent
Smith - not a fan
Wages
Make money through this
We work for people that pays us wages
Profit
The men of profits who own businesses
Hire people to work and make money for the man
Smith's focus
They are great, but why are they great
Worries that the men of profit will interfere of legislation policy
Listen to with precaution
Long examination
Suspistion attention being placed on them
Do not trust them
Order of men
Order of prophets
Order is not the same as the public
They are dealers
Questions about renting and profiting in comparison to today
Not the same as today
There is a capitalization of homes
Stable way to make income
Take homes out the market
Supply is lower
Demand goes
Question about the clergy
Smith said that there were not important
Faded out like the aristocrats
Cuts down the power of the clergy
Question on the infleunce of politicians
Policy makers and public servants fall under it
Orders are tied to the general economy system
Do well if the economies
Profits work on their own time
More political
Put people forward to make your interests heard
Regressing people to do what they want to do
There is no simple answer on how it happens
System of buying politics
No one after the public interests
Rent
Closer to rent or wages
Wealth = the profits
There is a little bit of a heirarchy
Better of all of use but some don't do that
Overall Argument of Smith
There has been commerical activity, because of humans trading
Roman period
A big way
The problems were opilance
Under a buracratic system
Collapses and work over many years can fall down
Based on the environment your in
Not because of people making choices, because of the necessity
History changes
Decisions made along the way
And end up overtaking the aristocracy
No one planned it
3 stages of Machiavelli's The Prince
First 25 years
Next 18 years = 1494
Next 15 years = 1509
First 25 years of Machiavelli's Life
in the Florance republic
Major city state
Smaller towns
1100s = Became a major town
1300s = A family the Medicis =and started a bank
Influenced the rest of Europe
They are a massive and rich family in Florance
Controlled by the Medicis
Republics are democratic
Relatively
Does not mean that everyone gets a vote
It means that it is not run by a lineage
Run by leading bisness people in the city
Each year there are 9 people to run a city by council and one would be the city manager
Random
Picked from the leading guilds and minor guilds
Buisness associations
Ship building
There is a process
A committee that selects them
Over 30 years of age
Have to be a man
Have to have a business
Buisness leaders don't get to stay there and get shuffled out
Main people in the city = play a role in the city
They get a say because of their wealth
There are a lot of things that are in the middle
Not a pure democracy
Democracy is better than the principatlity but not close to what we like
The Medicis used their infleunce and ran the city from behind
Born and raised in a republic but run by ad entire family
Coucil senoria
Next 18 years of Machiavelli's life
Medicis are largely in control
The king of France invades Italy
Wants to take over the state of Napels
He comes to Florence and forces them to submit to his rule
Medicis were pushed to exile
Restoration of the republic
Goes back to a committee instead of control from the Medicis
Machiavelli = Gets involved
Time of growing wealth = Moves away from the poverty
Savonerola
Domician fryer
He believes
Strong Catholic
Turns it into a radical republic
People follow it
He is a hardcore about purity
Help imporve your life
Gets strict about the rules
Does not have any military power and have people follow him
There is a lot of drama
The city revolts against him
He is hung by the people
What happend in 1498 in Machiavelli's life?
Back to the restorative republic
Machiavelli gets involved by managing documents, giving diplomatic orders, and was in charge of the florintine malica
He smart and has military strategy
Gave him a political career for 14 years
Very important person
The Medicis
Prepare to go back
Take out the republicans
They torture Machiavelli
Did not conspire or go against them
Goes to the family farm
Writes for the rest of her life
Wrote the prince
Addresses the Medicis and impress them
Does not care for the princialites or the republics
He wants his former glory back
He does not want to write
Religious comminalties and gets formed in the state
Why did Machiavelli write the prince?
Deliver a message on what state is better
He wrote it to get on the good side of the Medicis
They were princes
Last 3 chapters
Integrate the city states
Fight off barbarians
Generate the Italian state
Not political philosophy
Chapter 1 in The Prince
The two basic kinds of states
republics
principalities
there are 3 of them
Kinds of states: republics
Did not talk about it
Address the Medici family and they didn't want a republic
Kinds of States: Principalities
No Medicis want to take over and turn it into a republic while losing power
Have it an maintain it not lose it
3 types
Heriditary
New
Mixed
Principalities: Heriditary
This is not a problem
Easy to maintain
Many generations that have not broken apart
Don't offend the people and maintain it
Most stable one
The argument is dependent on what the people want
Machiavelli = the people are an important resources
Not a democratic
He knows that the people are humans and have needs and are important
Lose support = problems at home
Smith
Many people on the PP's state = no value
They were mere resources
Was not in the PP's plans
They were unseen and were serfs
They were abused
Get it by inherit it
Principalities: New
It is not created out of nothing, it is new to the prince
Get and army and take it
Take over an exiting principality
Talks about how to take it over
Principalities: Mixed
Have a principality and extend it out to another part
You take over and add it to the existing one
Tactics
Add to the original = culture and religion
Not too many problems
Take out the ruling family and get control of the princiaplity
Blend in later
Cannot rely on it
Possiblities
Prince should live in person
Problems as they develop
It is easier to stop a problem than detect it
Send colonies
Good
Occupy with the army = is a bad idea
Take out a certain number of families
Mode of aquisition: New and Mixed
own arms
arms of others
Own Arms
Army and use it to aquire it
Is better
Mercenary argument
When you run into problems and can handle them
Use your own to take over a principality
Arms of others
Someone else gives the army to take the prinipality
Someone in the book
Ceasar boruguis used it
Son of the pope
The pope
Has kids
Fights war
Owns land
Is going to be a prince and takes over city states
Best example of how to use another person's army
auxilleraies
Soliders that are paid for
Gives you an army
Management is bad
A problem happens and lose everything fast
Quicker to get a principality
other parts to the argument of Mode of aquisition
ability
fortuna
Ability
virtú
Not moral goodness
Virile = Strong and able
Renissance Italian terms
Great deal of ability
Development of arms is this
Helps you win
Sustain a principality
Use fortunate opportunities in your favor
Your ability to control
Own arms
Learn the different tactics
Arms of others
Problems = lose entire state
Always in the other person's debt
Use it to take advantage of opportunities you have
Fortuna
Fortune
Arms of others
Luck plays a role in life
50% of the things that happen in life is virtú
50% is also from Fortuna
Sometimes good or bad
Good
Ceasar Boruguis
Cruel and maintained a state
Bad
End of Ceasar Boruguis life
Lost power and did not have the heireditary power
Got ill and lost the ability to manage affairs
Not one mistake and his system collapsed
Glory
Talking about guys not women as much
They are taking over city states
Celebrating their cunniness
Exhibit it by
Enslaving them = no
Making sure the people are productive
Wealth and buy things
Is the overall goal
Want it a little but not as much as
Morality = means to an end
Moral when nescessary
There is one way of acquisition and gets a city state without glory
Wickedness or cruelty
Agathoutes
Olivoratto
They have power and cunning
Rise to take the city states but with cruel measures
Use murder to get up higher
They do not get glory
They use vile power to win
Ok to use power = a bad city state
Animates a lot of rennissance liturature
They way you maintain the city state depends on how well the city state is maintained
Chapter 4 of Machiavelli's The Prince
Smith Comparison to Machiavelli
Turks and the French
Take over the Kingdon of Turks = you cannot get through the Sulton and forces head on
It is hard
Sulton
Minsiters appointed
Depend on the king
They run the kingdom
They can help unify it
Central command
And the army follows
Army unifiied = harder to take over
France is easier to invade
Nobles that had their own ideas
With a lot of land
Peasants were serfs
Convince one and
Follows the Smith model
Sovreign at the top
Nobles everyone else
Petty princes
Find nobles like the sovreign
Make the conquering easier
Have to convince others
Main petter prince
Unified country slightly
Break the unity of France
Which one is harder to hold in Chapter 4 of Machiavelli's The Prince?
France is harder to hold
Take the sovreign
Own nobles things due to them helping you
They dislike you = harder for the rest to follow them
Full control = hard to get
Turkey is easier to hold
Easier = Turks
Harder to hold because of culture??
Different culture and there are 3 ways of looking at it
3 ways on why Turks are easier to hold
Live there
Ask for tribute
Send colonies
Take out certain areas
Not nobles
Dead or weak
They monitor the area
It is a different issue that to take and hold
See the social and political patterns involved
Deal with a different culture and its effect on how you run the country
Put an account of the renissance and how it fits into Smith
Why is it easier to take over France?
More ease without dealing with nobles
Invade a prinipality
If they are free
Freedom = take out top leader but people will always remember that they were once free
It is the only secure way to maintain a principality = destroy it and wipe it out
Not about what is good
It is about what works
A-moral
Realists in political theory
Who has what power and what will happen rather than should happen
People are a constant danger to you
Come and destroy them
What two things to look at for France compared to the Turks?
Moral Idealism
What ought to do ruins himself
The way we live as human beings and what is ideal
Gap between these two things
Realism
Better to be feared or loved as a prince?
Loved or feared for the prince
Better to be feared than loved
It is difficult to be stronger examples of both fearing or loving them
Have to pick
Fear over love
Love = can be controlled and you can't make them
Fear = punishment, they are more loyal to you, cannot be controlled
No one likes it
He allows some instances of cruelty
He does not want it to go to hate or despise
Lose the people
Not on your side
Not do what you want
Chapter __ of Machiavelli's The Prince
Take over a free state
Ask for tribute
Live there
The people will always remember and will rebel
He is not clear on what the definition is to destroy it
Cesar Borgious and Francesco
who were they
Cesar Borgious
Son of the Pope
Francesco
Duke of Milan
Both had virtue
Able leaders
Had smarts and power
difference
Fortune
Cesar Borgious
Asked his dad for help
Franceso
Built up his army
Own strategy
Chapter 8-9 of Machiavelli's The Prince
Cruelness
Agathoutes
Olivoratto
Climbed up the ladder but used cruel measures to do it
Chapter 8-9
Take principality = take forever to take control of it
Chapter 9 of Machiavelli's The Prince
Nobles in the principaltiy
People
Like France
People are unhappy
Want a leader to rise up
He said that the relationship between the nobles and the people
Nobles = oppress the people and control them
Bloodline is better and are princes
People are lower than them
Use landlords
People = do not want control
He said that the people could rise up and take charge
Take control from the top
People do not want to be oppressed
The people cause aligns with justice
Different from free principaltiy
People will try and push you out
Nobles, people and princpalities
Understood through macheavelli
Chapter 10-11 of Machiavelli's The Prince
Cleasiastic principalties
From the Pope
Seperated from the others
Take over a principality = if it becomes this and is devoted to God
Maintain itself
The work from God can not be undone by man
He says that he does not need to talk about it to not bother the Pope
Interested in mundane not religious
Part 2 of Machiavelli's The Prince: Chapters 12-14
looks at armies
Main kinds
Mercenaries
Auxilleries
Own arms
Mercenaries
Fight for the money not country
Are hired
Win the war and beat the enemy = money needed
War comes along = not so sure
Good = done the work and challenge you
A REAL PROBLEM
DO NOT GO FOR THEM
Auxilleries
Lended from another person
Not better
Any good they are borrowed
King = better army
Can potentially take you out
Not good
Own arms
It can be attacked by others
Relying on the other two can be a bad idea
Citizen army
Fighting for homes and people they love
Fight for survival
Look after
Treat it well = you can win
Mixed
Better than Mercenaries and Auxilleries
Part 3 of Machiavelli's The Prince: Chapter 15-23
Conduct of princes
Worried about Machiavelli begin immoral
Prince
Generous
Liberal
Has to spend money to certain people
Money?
Bankrupt treasury
Tax people
Fear to despise
Lead to people hating you
Miserly
Negatives maintain the principaltiy
Mean and funds to fight war
Not over taxing people
This vice = pick this one over virtue to make the kingdom work
Work for all tradition virtues and vices
What works
Can get a good rep and rise to the top = generous
Mean person and not friendly = Miserly works against them
Part 3 Example of Cesar
Generous person and say that it worked in his favor
Helped him as he rose
He got killed
Keep generosity = kept the money
Stop generous and become miserly to help him in the long run
Part 3 of Machiavelli's The Prince: Chapter 17
Cruelty vs mercy
Times where there are hard decisions
Cruelty
Willing to use cruelty
Stopping the problems is better before they rise
Mercy
Is good
Always use = a bad idea
Forgivenesss = execute the murders
Interests of states to keep the promise
Sometimes you need to break them
Only for when they work
Not doing the good all the time it is about what works
Part 3 of Machiavelli's The Prince: Chapter 19
Talking on classical Rome with the current Rennissance
Rome
Keep a power solider group
Where as it was then, better to give free reign to the soliders
Satisfy the people
People = more power than the soliders
No power = best army is a citizen army
Smith = development of productive capacity and is important
Medivail period = had land and used military means
Part 3 of Machiavelli's The Prince: Chapter 21
What the prince should do
Show your city that you like productive people
Patriant or ability
Encourage citizens to do their thing
Practice them peacefully
Not over taxing them
No complications
Offers awards and to honor they city or state
Entiretain festivils for the citizens
Recognizign the importance of the city state
Las Casas - History of the Indies background
Colonialism in 1492
After the fall of Rome
Western European region = poor
Land based system of power = Smith
Margins of the power centers and the towns grew
The Renaissance
Great productive systems = Machiavelli
They take out the nobles
Productive towns
Moves north
Art and learning = expensive during this time
Economic boom
Poor people created books, architecture, and other things
Not just good things
They expanded
New ways to trade and tap into new markets
Not many great texts to discuss what colonization did
Not by the colonized peoples
Why did Las casas created this text?
Argued against the Spanish
Explained the horrible techniques and methods that they did to the original inhabitants
Many were for continued colonization
Who was Las casas?
Ends up being called the first great human rights and social justice warrior
He had a very big influence
Born in 1484
Died in 1566
Accounts of many atrocities in the New World
Selections
Not published after 100 years after his life
Created a lot of controversy
Wrote a lot and tried to change the policies
Savior for the Tino people
Suffered through death threats
Montosenio
Infleunced Las cases
Was assianted by the Vensuala
Owned by the Germans
What is the point of Las Cases texts?
Point
People who come to Hispanola
Ask the same question
Come to see the Tino people and we only see white people
The suffered of the genocide
Las casas and Florintine
Tries to show that it is active
Well organized
Rich, organized, active city
Pettey prince period
Productive power of the cities
First groups of exploration
Find things to bring back
Cheap or free
Las casas and his connection to Columbus
492
Columbus went across the ocean
Case of Spanish
Ferdiand and Isabella = Monarchs of Spain
Bring together what they called Spain
Aragon and Castille
Muslim Emerate surrendered to the monarchs
Spain is reclaimed by the Catholics
Forced Muslims and Jews to convert or pushed them out
Catholic policy
They conquer lands (ran by the Muslims) and give them entrust
They are in charge of the land and ask for tribute from the people on the land
Discovering the New World
Looking to God and is an agent of God
Icons for Spain and doing it for them
Call it New Spain
Indigenous peoples are there as well
Afarid and scared
Columbus was not in favor of it being their land
Spain's land
Similar structure of taking control of the land
October 533 years ago
Island of Hispanioa
Domincan Republic and Hait
Major headquarters for the European entireprise
1492
First settlement of the Americas
Famous map maker influenced the name Americas
They were after wealth
Not too be nice
They wanted to take it
Las casas and his connection to Columbus, Queen Isabella, and King Ferdinand
Columbus
Goes out with the money and sail to China/Japan
Period where they started to believe that the Earth was a globe
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand
Give money to Columbus to sail and find
why did Las cases play the game in the New World?
Las cases plays the game
In the world and trying to change it
He gets death threats
He did a great thing
He is a Christan
Law degree
Preist
Believes in the good of the New Testement
The inspiration from this is love everyone as your neighbor
Brought news of the people on his own terms
Do it in a nice way
Everyone was religious at the time
Whole problem is religion
Part of it
Not all of it
Tried to convert everyone back in the day
Now it is multifaith
Consider the money first
Nice Christians
Let them be
Horrible Christians
Forced them
Root for both is money
He takes the land and was a big deal
Monotheistic
All powerful
There is only one
He is all knowing
Knows everything that would happen in the future
Those who will be save and who will be damned
Made churches
Some saved
The elect
Don't know if they will be saved
Mission to bring the gospel to the people and do some good work to improve their chance of them beign saved
The great boom from Columbus
Gospel not there
Indigenious people are supposed to follow them and "try to fix them"
Isabella
Tried to
Some damned
Conqerors used their story
Las cases
Means to spiritual starvation
Live to get enough stuff and live well
Levels of life
Necessity things aim for life
Material things to aim for life
Spiritual thing to aim for life
Columbus voyages
1st is in blue
2nd is red
1200 colonists
Establish a colony there
3rd is in green
1498
6 ships
Time in now venesuala
Left Spaniards under the charge of family members
A lot of trouble
Columbus = away
Fought over the riches and who would get it
Fought over women as well
Disorgnanized slave colony
Abuse the people there to get it
Spaiards fight aganis themselves
The people push back
He started the process
Welath over anything
Assigned the cheifs
Govern themselves
Give them gold every month
Worked
The Spainards
Forced the people to mine gold for them
Material circumstances
Think beyond the papers
How does it work on the ground
Go across the ocean, and go there to possibly get rich
They are not the nicest people in the world
Facing people that do not want you there
Satisfy them or they get lost
Tough people
NO LAW THERE
Wild west and challenging situation
Columbus
Gave liberties to the people
Abuse the current people there
Worse than what he did
Center of the problem
Franciso
Did not follow the rules in order to get what he wanted
4th in yellow
Who is Bobadia?
Solve the problems
Goes over and he fought in the Catholic re-conquests of Spain
They know how to use violence
Not diplomats
Sees the problems and tries to handle it
Picture of Bobadia arresting Columbus
Arrest Columbus
Send back to Spain
Saw the discourse
Had 5 Spainards hung to stop them from fighting
Went over what he was allowed to do
October of 1500
Bobadia
50 page report of testimonies against Columbus
Found in 2005
Faces the same situtation as Columbus
Tries to control them
Gives them liberties
Allows the Spanish to control and abuse them
NOT A HAPPY ENDING
Columbus is freed and goes back
Not the leader
Challenging situation
Happening right now
Easier to see what is going on rather than back in the day
Who is Evando Lares?
He comes over
Las Casas lands there with the Flotilla
What they say when they land
Happy for the Indigenous to rebel
There is a law/norm at the time
Ok to take slaves from enemies
It is legitimate
Has conditions but used as a justification
They discovered a lot of gold
A little girl in the mine found it and they took the gold from her
They made money off of it
They thought they were doing them a favor
They said that they were barbarians, "un-civilized," cannabils
They were not fully human to them
Had not rational capacity to govern themselves
Use classical text to make these arguments and convinces the people in Europe
Entire cultural ethos that Las cases fights
Falls in to similar traps
Evando, laras, and others
Who is Recomenda?
Brutal system they brought
Spanish
Land entrusted to them
Had brutal methods
They had to work for them
Hispanioa
System of abuse
They were outmatched militarily
Europeans brought over disesies
Population gone
What happend in Hispaniola?
Domican Republic and Hatit now
Rebellion happened
The spanish sent a boat and collect food as tribute from the Tino people (Indigenious peoples)
Casice
Chief
His people load the boat and be left alone
Book
The Spainards and let a it go and kills the chief
Chief Kotubanamo
Powerful chief in the region
Rebellion started
Evando laraes
Attach them back
Who is Don Descabar?
Conquests of Jamacia
Good military leader for the Spanish
Captain to take down the rebellion
Sends troops
Have weapons
Crossbows
Forces
Horses
The rebellion if strong
They retreated
Hide in the forest
Spainards hunt them down
Punishment
Cut a hand off and dangle it off the strig
Warn the Tino people
Use of terror
Las Casas
Technque is from the 1500s
Dehumanize the population to subjigate
There is a rationaion thinker
To crush the sprit of a human = much less of an agent
Docile population
Mentions it
Use terror = comel the populatio nto be docile
400-500 people on the island
Esimates 100,000-3 million before the Spainish arrived
Make a sketch of Las Casas
Wood cut drawings
Enslavement
What did they do to the Indigenious peoples?
burning them alive and killing them
He was present for this
Great deal of the colonization project
Illegitimate
Take the land of other
Other side was very brutal
Subduded the population
The losing side
Tried to make peace and a truce
Exchange names to make a truce
Dimploatic practices among the Tino people
Have women cheifs
Have nobles
Traditions of diplomacy
Resolve disputes through name exchanging process
They become brothers
People read stories from these places and generate what the Tino people are
Create political philosophy
Fundamental for now a days
Liberal democratic
From oppressive situtations
State of Nature
Use it to identify what we should do
Las cases and its connection to Hobbes
The State of Nature has people in it with not development
Reality
Have diploamicy, nobles, and women in their society
They are not savages
Wars at the same time as the Columbus voyages
Specific wars
50-100 wars
Lose track
Jaragua
Other end of the island
This region the chief is a women
Took the throne after her brother died
Rodan
Problem maker in the colony while Columbus was away
Moves to this place
Is a trouble maker
Causes a lot of problems for the Tino people
They push back
Exactly the same kind of ambitions in leadership before
They wanted to put down the rebellion and take slaves
Wood cut drawings
Lares comes to the region
She thinks that they will be civil
Spanish
Opportuntiy to see what they do in Europe
There is not diplomacy just conquest
They attack them from a long house
They burn them to death in the tent and hang the queen
Diplomacy colonialaztion style
Attempts to utilize the drawings to score points in other ways
Not exactly wrong however it was
Word got back to the Spain
Investigated
Only the Spanish
Only used the forced as they should
Stated that they could not take care of themselves
Lares and Evando
It is a problem there
They rebel and are hard to Christianize
Have to have liberties or the colony will fail
Gets something out of it
What was happened in Higüoy with Dunde Escabar?
Rebellion went up again
They had to provide them with fruit
Or they would be sent to the city as slaves
They went there to elimiate cotbana
Make stands but do not win
Cotubano escapes and they track him down
They torture him
Take him to the capital and hang him
Montosenio
has a statue
Beginning of the process
Brought fryers
Dominicans
Landed and quickly that they decided were sinful
Abusing people
Tino people were people
Condemed the process and refused to allow Spainards to go to the churches
Effected their afterlife
Gave a speech to condem all the Spanish
Trating humans like animals
Las cases heard it
Gave us has been seeing these things and has owned a house on Hispaniola
Supported the Spanish and the Christain way
He eventionally was influenced by the evil oppression of humans
Gave back slaves and started his career
Tries to change the laws in Spain
He went through a process and knew it was evil
Other never learned to lesson
HUGE ROLE IN THE EARLY PHASES OF CONVERGION
Who is Hobbes and his book Leviathan?
1651
The early part of Enlightenment
Talks about god
Turing away form this and the school man
Tests that solve scientific problems
The comment and fill in on Aristotle
We look at empirical analyses
Reasoning independently from the Greeks
First great liberal
Try to argue
Thinks that this is a great books of all time
Is a master linguist
Latin and Greek
He is a lot smarter than most of us
What does Hobbes look at in the first few Chapter?
Lays out the empiricist principle
There is not conception in a man's mind … upon the organs of consent
States
Born with nothing in our heads
knowledge is built upon from out sense perception
Great experience of all the object in the world
Create images in our head
This is the IMAGINATION
Not 21st century
It is the story of images
HOW DOES IT WORK
Everything is matter in motion
Even the knowledge process is the matter in motion
There is a immaterial mind and soul = some people believe this and people during Hobbes
After the physical body dies
Insignificant speech of certainty
Cannot exist something that is immaterial
Who is Renne de Carte?
He said that there is mind and matter = resistensa
They are mutually distinct
Mind has nothing material
Matter has no mind
Problems of interaction and how they connect
Where they are different meta-physical things you cannot connect them
HOBBES SAYS HE IS WRONG
What is Hobbes argument?
This is to treat humans as animals
There was a material line
HOBBES rejected
Animals are just physiological machines
Machines actually think = if it is true
Analogy for our brains being machines
Matter = bodily aspects as well
A description for the whole of nature
NATURE IS ALL THERE IS AND WE ARE JUST IN IT
What does matter in motion break up into?
God
Cause and Effect
Note 
Flashcards (48)