Anatomy II Final Exam

Kidneys filter _____ in order to ______

Blood plasma; excrete waste

What are the 8 functions/regulations of the Kidneys? (HINT:PEACHEBO)

Blood pressure, osmolarity, pressure, electrolytes, acid base, erythropoietin, calcitriol, & hormones

Catabolism means?

Breakdown of complex molecules into simple molecules

Catabolism of _____& _____ results in Carbonic Acid (CO2 & H20)

Carbs;lipids

_______ results from Catabolism of Proteins

Ammonia

Ammonia is converted into what by the Liver?

Urea

_______ _______ results from Catabolism of Nucleic acid?

Uric acid

____________ results from Creatine Phosphate Catabolism

Creatinine

Ammonia, urea, uric acid, and creatinine are all apart of what type of waste?

Nitrogenous

Parenchyma means?

Kidney tissue

Minor calyces collect urine from ____ ______ ________

Each renal pyramid

Major calyces collect urine from ______ ________

Minor calyces

Renal pelvis collects urine from the ______ _______

Major calyces

The kidneys are highly __________

Perfused

What is a Glomerulus

A specialized capillary bed that serves as a filtration system

Blood enters the Glomerulus through the __________ __________

Afferent Arteriole

Blood leaves the Glomerulus through the ____________ __________

Efferent arteriole

Arcuate (Arch) arteries Branch into _______ _______ which lead to the glomerular capillaries

Afferent arterioles

_______ _______: capillaries surrounding the Nephron Loop

Vasa Recta

_______ ________ give rise to the vasa recta capillaries

Efferent arterioles

The cortex is where fluid ______ the kidney, while the medulla is where fluid _____ the kidney

Enters;Exits

What is the Nephron?

The functional unit of the kidney

The ______ ________ contains the Glomerulus

Renal corpuscle

What is the function of the Renal Corpuscle?

Filters blood in and out of the kidney

What is the function of the Renal Tubule?

Reabsorption of water, nutrients, & salt from the filtrate.

The Renal Corpuscle contains?

Glomerular capillaries & the Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule

Renal Uriniferous Tubule contains?

The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Nephron Loop, & Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Blood enters the renal ____________ via an _________ _________

Corpuscle; Afferent Arteriole

True or False: Everything in the blood will be pushed into the Glomerular capsule

False; everything in the blood EXCEPT CELLS & PROTEINS will be pushed into the capsule.

Blood exits the?

Efferent arterioles

Things like _______, _______, & ________ will be absorbed back into the vasa recta (HINT! WSS)

Water;Salts;Sugar

The Renal Corpuscle is made out of what kind of cells and what 2 structures?

(HINT for structures: what kind of cytes? What kind of blood structure (vessels, capillaries, etc)?

Epithelial cells;Podocytes;Fenestrated Capillaries

Capsular Space is where in the Renal Corpuscle? What is it's function?

In the Glomerular capsule - it's where filtrate goes

What are the three types of filtration membranes and what do each exclude?

(HINT: PBF)

Fenestrated Endothelium: excludes blood cells

Basement: excludes most proteins

Podocyte: Negatively charged ions

Kidney trauma or infections can damage the ___________ _________ & allow RBCs into filtrate

Filtration Membrane

What drives filtration force?

Blood pressure

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is?

Amount of filtrated formed per minute by both kidneys

What number of filtrate is reabsorbed? Where does this occur?

99%! The Renal Tubule

What is the function of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

Reabsorption of sodium

What is the function of the Nephron Loop?

Reabsorbs water & creates the concentration of urine

What is the main function of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?

Reabsorbs salt, regulates electrolyte balance of the urine & blood.

What are the two methods the PCT reabsorbs filtrate and what happens in each?

Transcellular route - substances pass through the cytoplasm of the PCT epithelial cells

Paracellular route - substances pass between the PCT epithelial cells

What are the two types of transport proteins in the PCT for sodium uptake? What do they do?

Symport: loads INTO the cell (Na+, glucose, lactate, amino acids, etc.)

Antiport: pulls Na+ into the cell and PUMPS OUT H+

Sugars, Amino Acids, and others move into the blood via..?

Diffusion or Facilitated Diffusion

Sodium is moved through the blood via…?

ATP and the Sodium Potassium Pump

Glucose is cotransported with Na+ by the _______________

Sodium-Glucose Transport (SGLT) proteins

What is Transport Maximum? What happens to the excess solute?

Transport maximum is when transporters are fully saturated. If full, excess solute passes and goes into the urine (ie. Diabetics and sugar in the urine)

The Nephron Loop is permeable to water on the way ___________ but not salts. On the way ___________ it is NOT permeable to water but IS permeable to salt.

Down (Descending); Up (Ascending

What is the Counter Current Multiplier?

Positive feedback loop that maintains high salinity of the renal medulla

What are the six steps of the Counter Current Multiplier?

1) Salt is added by the PCT

2) Higher osmolarity of the EFC (extracellular fluid) = more water leaving the descending limb

3) The more water that leaves the descending limb, the saltier the fluid that remains in the tubule

4) The saltier the fluid in the ascending limb, the more salt the tubule pumps into the EFC

5) The more salt that is pumped out of the ascending limb, the saltier the EFC is in the renal medulla

6) Repeat

The Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) is the end of the ___________. It also aids in?

Nephron; Water reabsorption

The DCT and Collecting Ducts are highly subjective to?

Hormones

Aldosterone reduces or increases urine output? What mineral does it retain? Does it stimulate reabsorption of said mineral in the DCT? What does it release in response to?

• Reduces

• Na+

• Yes, and it also retains water as well

• Low blood pressure and low Na+ levels

Antidiuretic Hormone reduces or increases urine output? What does it manipulate?

• Reduces

• Makes collecting duct more permeable to water

Angiotensin II reduces or increases urine output? What minerals does it retain? What two hormones does it also stimulate?

• Reduces

• Water & Salt

• Aldosterone & ADH

Epinephrine/Norepipinephrine reduces or increases urine output? What does it raise?

• Reduces

• Blood pressure

Atrial Natriuretic Peptides (ANP) reduces or increases urine output? What minerals does it cause to excrete? What does it aid in? What two hormones does it inhibit?

• Increase

• Salt & water

• Raising blood pressure

• Aldosterone & ADH

Parathyroid hormone affects the kidneys in what two ways?

• Makes the PCT excrete phosphate

• Makes the Nephron Loop & DCT retain calcium

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism is the..

Complex integration of hormonal & neural control to regulate blood pressure via urine production

Apart from adjusting kidney perfusion, sympathetic fibers also stimulate what cells to produce renin in response to low BP?

Granular cells

Renin converts _____________ to ___________

Angiotensin; Angiotensin I

ACE converts _____________ to ___________

Angiotensin I; Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II ________ blood pressure, therefore taking ACE inhibitors would __________ blood pressure

Raises; Lowers

The appearance of urine is due to what pigment that breaks down what?

Urochrome;RBCs

What is the range of pH in urine?

4.5 - 8.2 (usually 6.0, which is mildly acidic)

What is the normal level of urine output for an adult? What is it called when there is over 2L? What is it called when less than 500mL? What is it called when less than 0 - 100mL?

• 1-2L

• Polyuria

• Oliguria

• Anuria

Despite common belief, Diabetes is not about glucose levels. What chronic condition is classified as diabetes?

Chronic Polyuria

What is diabetes Insipidus?

ADH hyposecretion that causes water to not be reabsorbed in the collecting duct

Micturition is?

The release of urine (peeing)

What is the difference between primary sex organs and secondary sex organs?

Primary is the organs that produce eggs & sperm (gametes), Secondary is the organs required for reproduction

What is the difference between internal and external sex organs?

Internal are glands or organs inside the body for reproduction (ie. Uterus), while the external are the outside organs seen (ie. Breasts)

Mesonephric or Wolffian ducts develop into what? Paramesienphric or Mullerian ducts develop into what?

• Wolffian ducts develop into male structures (Ie. Vas Deferens)

• Mullerian ducts develop into female structures (ie. Uterus)

Without the presence of Mullerian-inhibiting Factor (MIF) what happens?

The Mullerian ducts develop into the female organs & the Wolffian ducts degenerate

The primary & secondary organs have a separate but related origin. Primary organs result from the presence or absence of ______ ________ & the production of _______. Secondary result from the presence or absence of ______________

SRY gene; TDF (testes determining factor); Testosterone

The genital tubercule turns into the? The urogenital fold turns into the? The labioscrotum fold turns into the?

• The genital turns into the glans (head) of the penis or clitoris.

• The urogenital turns into the penile urethra or female labia minora (contains the urethra).

• The labioscrotum turns into the male scrotum or female labia majors (external coverings)

Seminiferous tubules are?

Long twisted tubes that produce sperm

Capacitation is?

The maturation of sperm after they are produced. Most of the time they mature in the uterus from the hormones