AP Psychology Unit 3 Part 1

Test review EVERYTHING but Psychosocial Development stages

Cross-Sectional Study

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

Longitudinal Study

Research that follows and retests the same people over time

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Maturation

Biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior, relativity, uninfluenced by experience (adverse childhood experience ACE)

Critical Period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Morpheme

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning / may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Phoneme

 in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Babbling stage

the stage in speech development, beginning around 4 months, during which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds that are not all related to the household language

One-word stage

the ate in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Two-word stage

the stage in speech development, beginning about age 2, during which a child speaks mostly in two-work sentence

Syntax

is its set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

Semantics

 the language’s set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds

Assimilation

 interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Accommodation

adapting our current schemas (understandings) to incorporate new information

Concrete operational stage

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) at which children can perform the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete (actual, physical) events

Formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concept

Object permenance

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of object

Primary s*x characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

Secondary s*x characteristics

 nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Zone of proximal development

the zone between what a child can and can’t do (what the child can do with help)

Scaffolding

in Vygotsky’s theory, a framework that offers children temporary supports as they develop higher levels of thinking

Gender role

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and women

Gender identity

Our personal sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female

Strange sitatuion

 a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment / a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child’s reactions are observed

Secure attachment

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when their caregiver leaves, and find comfort in their caregiver’s return

Insecure attachment

demonstrated by infants who display a clinging, anxious attachment / an avoidant attachment that resists closeness / or a disorganized attachment who no consistent behavior when separated or reunited with caregiver

Rooting reflex

Automatic, involuntary response from infants

Authoritarian

impose rules and expect obedience

Permissive

make few demands, set few limits, and use little punishment

Neglectful

neither demanding nor responsive, careless and inattentive, and do not seek a close relationship with their children

Authoritative

 both demanding and responsive, set rules, but encourage open discussion and allow exceptions

Temperament

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Imprinting

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

Ecological systems theory

a theory of the social environment’s influence on human development, using five nested systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem) ranging from direct to indirect influences