Chapter 11: Blood

Plasma is:

the fluid part of blood

What percent of plasma is water?

90%

Many plasma proteins are made where?

The liver

What is the most common plasma protein?

Albumins

What do albumins function as?

transport proteins

Albumins are responsible for what action?

Osmosis

Globulins are:

antibodies

Fibrinogens are proteins for:

blood clotting

More solutes in plasma include:

ions, glucose, and hormones

Formed elements of blood are:

blood cells and cell fragments

Leukocytes are:

white blood cells

Platelets are cell fragments used for:

blood clotting

Erythrocytes are:

red blood cells

Blood transports:

gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and enzymes

Blood keeps pH in the range of:

7\.35-7.45

What is the temperature of blood?

38 C (100.4 F)

When body temp is high, blood goes to:

skin surface

When body temp is low, blood goes to:

internal organs

What protects against pathogens?

white blood cells

What protects against excessive blood loss?

Blood clotting

RBCs cannot make:

proteins

What is a protein made up of 4 polypeptide chains?

globin

What is a pigmented molecule that contains iron?

heme

Each hemoglobin contains how many heme molecules?

4

Hemoglobin bind to how many oxygen molecules?

4

RBCs function to:

transport oxygen

Production of RBCs is called:

erythropoiesis

Where does RBC production occur?

red bone marrow

What is required for RBC production?

B vitamins and iron

What hormone is produced by the kidneys?

erythropoieten (EPO)

EPO is released when:

blood oxygen levels are low and when blood pressure is low

EPO stimulates production of?

red blood cells

Low blood oxygen levels lead to?

hypoxia

Greater number of RBCs help improve:

oxygen transport in blood

Greater number of RBC helps increase:

blood volume, which increases blood pressure

Globin is broken down into what to make other proteins?

amino acids

What is released from heme and sent to red bone marrow to make more hemoglobin?

iron

Heme is converted into what green substance, then converted into what yellow substance, then goes where?

biliverdin, bilirubin, and the liver

What is hematocrit?

percentage of red blood cells in a sample of blood

Normal male hematocrit?

40-54%

Normal female hematocrit?

38-47%

Low hematocrit means:

low volume of red blood cells and high volume of plasma

Low hematocrit leads to:

pale skin and fatigue because lack of oxygen to organs

High hematocrit means:

high volume of red blood cells and low volume of plasma

High hematocrit leads to:

thicker blood which doesn’t flow well

Low number of RBCs due to excessive bleeding:

hemorrhagic anemia

Low number of RBCs due to excessive destruction of RBCs:

hemolytic

anemia

Low number of RBCs due to lack of vitamin B12 or intrinsic factor:

pernicious anemia

Low number of RBCs due to destruction of red bone marrow:

aplastic anemia

Inadequate amount of hemoglobin in RBCs due to lack of iron:

iron deficiency anemia

Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs:

sickle cell anemia

Elevated hematocrit leads to:

polycythemia

Primary polycythemia produces:

too many red blood cells

Secondary polycythemia is:

excessive secretion of EPO

Causes of secondary polycythemia:

high altitude or condition that stimulates EPO

An antigen is:

a molecule that stimulates immune response

Three surface proteins on cell membrane of RBC are:

A, B, Rh

What determines person’s blood type?

the antigens on red blood cells

If Rh antigens are on RBC it is:

positive

If Rh antigens are not on RBC it is:

negative

Agglutination is:

clumping of red blood cells

Hemolysis is:

red blood cells bursting

Type A- has what antibodies?

Anti-B and

anti-Rh

Type A+ has what antibodies?

Anti-B

Type B- has what antibodies?

Anti-A and anti-Rh

Type B+ has what antibodies?

Anti-A

Type AB- has what antibodies?

Anti-Rh

Type AB+ has what antibodies?

None

Type O- has what antibodies?

anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh

Type O+ has what antibodies?

anti-A and anti-B

Homeostasis is:

stopping the blood

Homeostasis steps:

1. vascular phase 2. platelet phase 3. coagulation

phase

The vascular phase does what?

constricts blood vessels

The platelet phase does what?

forms a temporary plug

The coagulation phase leads to the formation of what insoluble protein?

fibrin

Many clotting factors are made by what?

the liver

What vitamin is needed for blood clotting?

vitamin K

Activation of clotting factors requires:

calcium

Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into what?

thrombin

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into what?

fibrin

5 white blood cells are:

neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, monocytes, lymphocytes

Leukopenia is:

lower than normal number of leukocytes

Leukocytosis is:

higher than normal number of leukocytes

What lines this special type of capillary tube?

Heparin

Heparin acts as an:

anticoagulant

Hemochromatosis is:

excess iron in liver and pancreas

Most numerous WBC and arrive at site of infection first:

neutrophils

Attacks parasites and pathogens are coated with antibodies:

eosinphil

Release substances during inflammatory reactions:

basophil

Histamine causes blood vesse

ls to:

dilated

Exit blood vessels and enter tissues to become macrophages:

monocytes

Coordinate immune cell activity:

lymphocytes

Production of leukocytes is:

leukopoiesis

All blood cells originate from a stem cell called:

hemocytoblasts

Water follows plasma into blood by what process?

osmosis

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin transport?

4

How many oxygen molecules can one red blood cell transport?

1 billion