Anatomy exam 5 pt 2 (ch 26, ch 27 slides 1-6)

proximal convoluted

______ convoluted tubule (PCT)
– Begins at tubular pole
of renal corpuscle
– Lined with simple
cuboidal epithelium
containing microvilli
– Major site of
reabsorption
(red)

henle/nephron

Loop of _____ (LOH)
or ______ Loop
– Descending limb
– Ascending limb
– Both loops simple
squamous epithelium
– Drained by vasa
recta (orange)

ascending

______ (thick) limb-
reabsorption of ions;
impermeable to
water (yellow)

descending

_____ (thin) limb-
reabsorption of
water; only
permeable to water (green)

Distal Convoluted

________ convoluted tubule
Tubule (DCT)
Active, regulated
secretion of ions, acids,
toxins
– Selective reabsorption
of sodium & calcium
ions
– Reabsorption of water
– Section used in
regulation of
glomerular filtration
rate (GFR)
(blue)

proximal

______ convoluted tubule rabsorbs materials we want to keep (proteins, water)

microvilli

the ______ in the proximal convoluted tubule help to excrete and absorb

nephron

the _______ is the smallest functional unit of the kidney.... functions great but not based off of size!

nephron

________ tissue in kidney

absorption

loop of henley correlates w what process

thick (ascending)

loop of henly-
____ limb is important for excreting sodium-... helps to regulate water intake/loss

high

too much sodium --> too much water diffusion --> _____ blood pressure

collecting

______ System (still reabsorbing things, final chance)
• Connecting tubules
• Collecting ducts
• Both of these sections will
reabsorb water; secrete or
reabsorb ions
– Last adjustments to
filtrate before excretion
• Papillary ducts

tubules

collecting ____:
DCT
of each nephron empties
filtrate to this (red)

duct

collecting ______: Several
connecting tubules drain
into this tube (orange)

papillary

____ ducts: excrete
filtrate; now urine

minor

once we hit the ________ calyx, not modifying anymore

juxtaglomerular

_____ complex:
• Macula densa cells
• Juxtaglomerular cells
• Extraglomerular mesangial cell
(repeat)

BP

juxtaglomerular complex: will alter arteriole & systemic ___
– Monitor Arteriole BP
– Monitor DCT filtrate ion concentration

arterioles

Arteriole BP ∆ via
1. Constriction & dilation of ________; afferent & efferent

angiotensin

contraction & dilation of arterioles
-breaks _____ down (1 and 2 )
-2 stimulates aldosterone
-aldosterone increase blood pressure

renin

2. _____: precursor for angiotensin (lin liver); raises BP

erythropoietin

3. _______: (JMC/juxtamedullary complex) regulate density of RBCs (MORE)

GFR

b/c of arteriole BP change-
____ (glomuler filtration rate will be altered due to these changes

ureters

_______: drain urine from kidneys to bladder; exits at hilum;
• enters bladder at trigone via ureteal orifices
• Peristaltic contractions & gravity move urine toward urinary
bladder

peristaltic

ureter
__________ contractions & gravity move urine toward urinary
bladder

mucosa

Inner _______: Lined with transitional epithelium (yellow)
-areolar connective tissue

middle (smooth)

_____ muscular layer: longitudinal & circular smooth muscles (orange)

adventitia

ureter
_______: continuous with fibrous capsule & parietal
peritoneum (red)

rugae

allows increase in bladder size (red)

detrusor

smooth muscle walls (orange)

internal

______ urethral sphincter: automatic (involuntary) control, smooth muscle (yellow)

skeletal

external urethral sphincter: conscious control, ________ muscle (green)

umbilical

median __________ ligament (dark green)
-remnants as vesicle attached to umbilical cord as fetus... stabilize

ureter

light blue ______

umbilical

later ______ ligament (dark blue)

orifices

light purple: ureteral _________

urethra

dark purple: membranous _______

prostate

magenta: _______

prostatic

pink: _________ urethra

neck

light grey: _______ of urinary bladder

trigone

dark brown: ________
openings

trigone

light brown: center of _____

detrusor

______- contracts to push urine
-2 longitudinal
-1 circular
(submucosa right?)

visceral

in this, the serosa is equivalent to ________ peritoneum

smooth, mucous

Urethra
• Circular _____ muscle
• _______- producing cells
in epithelium

female urethra... memorize pls

stratified

______ squamous epithelium of mucosa- harsh chemical/mechanical situations

prostatic

Males
________
urethra: through
prostate gland (orange)

membranous

Males
________
urethra: Short
segment
through external
urethral
sphincter (pink)

Spongy

Males
_____ urethra:
through penis to
external urethral
orifice; can
expand (red)

shorter

Females
External urethral orifice near anterior wall of vagina
• Much _____ urethra

pontine

Urine Storage & Voiding Reflexes: involve spinal
cord & ______centers of brain (in pons)

sympathetic

Urine Storage Reflex (continence)
– Urine storage increases __________ activity (fight or flight)

detrusor

Urine Storage Reflex (continence)
• Stretch receptors in bladder signals
sympathetic reflex
• Inhibits ________muscle
• Stimulates contraction of internal &
external urethral sphincters

parasympathetic

Urine Voiding Reflex (micturition)
– first urge when bladder fills to ~ 200 mL
– High frequency stretch-activated spinal reflexes stimulate
_________ activity
• Detrusor contracts; smooth muscle wall of bladder
• Internal urethral sphincter relaxes; smooth muscle

internal

Urine Voiding Reflex (micturition)
– High frequency stretch signals also decreases sympathetic
activity
• _______ urethral sphincter relaxes

10

– Voluntary effort is needed to relax (therefore open) external
urethral sphincter; skeletal muscle
– Upon “complete void,” ~ __ mL of urine still remains
– When urinary bladder nears capacity, both urethral sphincters
will open based on pressure

smooth, skeletal

again
1. internal urethral sphincter: ________ muscle
2. external urethral sphincter ______ muscle

homeostatic

Reproductive system
No major ___________ role; yet perpetuates our species
• Produces, stores, nourishes, & transports gametes
• Testes produce sperm
• Ovaries produce oocytes

gonads

____: Testes/Ovaries that produce gametes & hormones

tract

Reproductive ___: Ducts that receive, store, & transport
gametes

accessory

______ glands: Secrete fluids
males- seminal, prostate, bulbo-urethral

External

_________ genitalia: Perineal structures

scrotum

____
– Testis
– Epididymis
(red)

Testis

orange

Epididymis

yellow

Ductus deferens

light green: _______ deferens

Urethra

dark green: prostatic___________

seminal

light blue: _______ gland

prostate

dark blue: _______

bulbo-urethral

light purple: _______-_______ gland

penis

dark purple

spongy

________ urethra (repeat, light grey)

membranous

dark grey: ______ urethra (repeat)

duct

dark brown: __________ duct

cavernosum

red: corpus _______

spongiosum

orange: corpus ______

external

yellow: _________ urethral orifice

testes

Scrotum: dual chambers that
house ______

Tunica albuginea

______ _________:
connective tissue;
surrounds testes
(yellow)

Spermatic cord

• ______ _______ : all
testes associated
connections; pass
via inguinal canal
to peritoneal cavity
(Ductus deferens
• Nerves
• Lymphatic tissue
• Cremaster muscles)
(orange)

Ductus deferens

red

Cremaster

_______ muscle: skeletal
muscle
Contraction tenses scrotal
sac & pulls it closer to
body
– thermoregulation of testes
(orange)

pampiniform

blood vessels:
__________ plexus cools
blood in arteries heading to
testes via countercurrent
heat exchange (yellow)

genitofemoral

___________ nerve (light green)

inguinal

dark green: _________ canal

testicular

light blue: ________ artery

epididymis

dark blue: ________

cavity

dark purple: scrotal _______

vein

light purple: testicular ____

ligament

pink: ______ ligament

ring

magenta: superficial inguinal ______

septum

light brown: scrotal ______

fascia

dark brown: superficial scrotal _______

dartos

light grey: _______ muscle

spermatic cord

red: ________ ______

ductus deferens

orange: _____ _______
-THIS IS CUT IN VASECTOMY

efferent

yellow: _______ ductules

straight

light green: ______ tubule