History of Physical Education

These flashcards cover important figures, events, and concepts in the history of physical education, designed to aid in studying for the exam.

Who is Diocletian Lewis?

He introduced the Lewis system of 'light' gymnastics in 1860, which included exercises to improve cardiovascular health performed to music.

Edward Hitchcock's significance in physical education?

He became Director of Health and Hygiene at Amherst College in 1861 and was responsible for students' health, incorporating various physical activities and anthropometric measurements. Helped develop physical education in college.

What did Dudley Sargent contribute to physical education?

Appointed director of Hemenway Gymnasium at Harvard in 1879, he emphasized medical examinations and individual programming, and designed special equipment.

Who was Delphine Hanna?

She attended Sargent’s School and, in 1885, she accepted a job at Oberlin College, her work evolved into the first physical education training program.

When was the YMCA developed?

The Young Men’s Christian Association was established in London in 1844 and in the United States in 1851, focusing on physical education after the Civil War.

YMCA- Luther Gilick

came up with equilateral triangle logo- spirit, body, mind

What is Muscular Christianity?

A philosophical movement that promotes engaging in sport to build moral character, originating in England, advocating for discipline, masculinity, and physical beauty of being fit.

Who is Charles Beck?

He introduced German gymnastics to the United States in the 1820s and was known as the first PE teacher in the U.S. taught calisthenics to music(men), (women-sexist gender roles)

What is AAPE?

The Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, founded in 1885, later known as the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, and now called SHAPE America.

When was Basketball invented?

Invented by James Naismith in 1891 to keep athletes active in winter, it was one of the few sports originating in the United States.

What was basketball like when it was first developed?

5-9 players per side, uniforms-football pants, wrestling uniforms, or short padded pants, courts were unregulated, used actual baskets and soccer ball

Baseball

Abner Doubleday brought over English game called rounders became America's national pastime by 1856

American football

known as gridiron football developed at universities in late 1800's, Walter Camp "Father of American football"

What is the significance of the first intercollegiate football contest?

Held on November 6, 1869, between Princeton and Rutgers, it marked the beginning of American intercollegiate football.

What were the first modern Olympics?

Held in Athens in 1896, they included 28 events across 4 sports (track&feild, gymnastics, target shooting, fencing) and only allowed male participation.

How did participation in sports evolve for women?

Initially, women's participation in sports was significantly restricted by societal norms, focusing on femininity and domestic roles, which often deemed strenuous physical activity inappropriate or harmful. Despite these early limitations, a growing interest in physical activity eventually led to increased opportunities and the rise of sports like women's basketball.

African Americans in sports

Competition between black and white athletes was banned, Jim Crow laws kept them separated. Post civil war they played basketball boxing and horse racing. Segregation didn’t end until 1946 when baseball integrated.

Who is Robert Tait McKenzie?

A physician and physical educator known for developing physical education programs for individuals with disabilities and preparing military personnel for WWII.

What were the four objectives of physical education proposed by Clark Hetherington?

Organic development (fitness), Psychomotor development (skill), Character development (social), Intellectual development (mental).

When was the first doctoral degree in physical education offered?

It was offered in 1924 at Teachers College of Columbia University and New York University.

What is ACSM?

The American College of Sports Medicine, originally founded in 1954 as a federation of sports medicine.

What is NATA?

The National Athletic Trainer’s Association, founded in 1950 to address the need for treating injured athletes as participation in sports increased.

What is the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education?

Founded in 1989, it's a prestigious academy that arose from the American Academy of Physical Education.