BIS 2B Lab Practical

Biodiversity

encompasses all the organisms (animals, fungi, plants, bacteria, algae​) on the earth.

Variation

Any difference between individuals of the same species.

Habitat

area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it

organism

An individual living thing

species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

community

A group of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other

sampling

the process of selecting representative units from a total population

representative sample

studying parts of a whole area and applying it to the entire region

sampling scheme

Scheme in which to sample a habitat

transect sampling

running a line through a given habitat. then counting every organism found within a fixed distance from the line is recorded. it produces a list of species present and the number of occurrences of each species within the area

transect

It's the actual line in this sampling method

quadrat sampling

the habitat is divided into rectangles of known size. a certain number of \___ are randomly selected fro sampling. The numbers and types of each species found in each __, along with the total area sampled

quadrat

the actual rectangles of a known size in sampling

relative abundance

how many individuals of each species are present

p(i)

(number of individuals of a particular species)/(total number of specimens)

diversity index

(p₁^-p₁)×(p₂^-p₂)...

OTU's

operational taxonomic units

specimen

the object that is being studied

rarefaction plots

x-axis: species
y-axis: individuals
the curve should have a steep slope then eventually level off to demonstrate species exhausted/saturation

sampling unit

unit of sampling most likely individual

photosynthesis

light energy (photons) is captured by pigments, such as chlorophyll, and is used to make ATP in the form of glucose.

cellular respiration

process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules when oxygen is present.

autotroph

can live exclusively on Inorganic sources of carbon, nitrogen, and other essential resources
this includes: photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs

chemoautotroph

perform chemosynthesis to convert chemicals into glucose

photoautotroph

use energy from sunlight to power metabolism, growth, and resource-gathering

heterotroph

use pre-formed organic molecules as food (source of carbon, nitrogen, energy and other essential resources) can be living or dead

ways to classify heterotrophs

what they eat: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores
how they gather food: suspension feeder, deposit feeders, predators, symbiont

mixotroph

undergoes photosynthesis and feeds on bacteria

saprotroph

feeds on decaying organic material (different than a parasite)

decomposer/saprobe

when fungi absorb nutrients from dead organisms or biological waste products

parasite

when animals or plants collect nutrients from living hosts without killing the hosts

pathogen

organisms that cause disease

herbivore

consume plant material
-have long guts, detoxification enzymes, grinding dentition (flat teeth)

carnivore

attack and consume animal material
-adaptations for pursuit and subdual of prey (fast sharp teeth)

omnivore

consume both plant and animal matter
-generalist morphologies

detritivore

consume dead plant or animal matter
-adaptations to subsist on low-quality food

scavenger

eat refuse or prey items abandoned by predators

predator

watch and kill live prey

suspension feeder

collect food particles suspended in water (the food particles can be plants or animals)

deposit feeder

pick up food that has fallen (been deposited) onto a surface

tissue

a group of cells specialized for a particular function

organ

a collection of tissues that work together

shoot

leaves and stem

root

underground part of plant; typically long and branched; they are specialized to take up water and nutrients to transport those materials to the rest of the plant using vascular tissue

lateral roots

increase root surface area

root hairs

when a single epidermal cells extends outward

root nodules

occurs when bacteria invade the root tissues and form balls

mycorrhizae

Ecological relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of certain plants; increases the root system of the plant

stem

typically long and narrow; specialized to transport water and nutrients between leaves and roots

leaves

flat and broad part of the plant. they are specialized for photosynthesis with a waxy cuticle protects the inner photosynthetic cells from drying out. small internal pockets create space for gas exchange

node

where the leaves are attached and lateral shoots may emerge

internode

regions between nodes

fruit

nutrients are stored in the base of the flower, actually the ovary that enlarges after fertilization

seed

nutrient storage occurs int he endosperm

vascular tissue

the plant equivalent to blood vessels
Xylem\= transports water and nutrients from roots throughout shoots
Phloem\= transports/distributes amino acids and sugars throughout

xylem

moves water and dissolved nutrients up from the roots into the shoot

light-harvesting pigments

chlorophyll, absorbs certain wavelengths a light and reflects the color of light it cannot absorb

nutrient deficiencies

lacking of a particular nutrient for growth
in plants this can be copper, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, etc

single-celled organism

an organism that has only one cell (bacteria)

multi-celled organism

most organisms are multi-celled and contain a nucleus (plants, animals); allows for specialization

colonial body plan

cells divide by mitosis to produce new cells, but all the cells remain attached to each other. In this case there is little or no differentiation among cells, and the individual cells can survive on their own if the colony breaks up.

adaptation

the evolving of specializations to match extreme conditions

acclimation

the ability to alter one's phenotype as the environment changes

phenotypic plasticity

the genetic ability to acclimate by producing different phenotypes in different conditions

tropism

movement in response to a stimulus

positive tropism

movement towards a stimulus

negative tropism

movement away from a stimulus

gravitropism

a response to gravity

phototropism

a response to light

surface area/volume ratio

tells us how many units of surface area are available to supply oxygen per unit of body of volume.

diffusion

the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density; in regards to oxygen the greater the surface area the more gas exchange

extracellular digestion

Digestion that takes place outside of the cell

intracellular digestion

The breakdown of substances within cells

digestive system

Breaks down food into smaller molecules. Absorbs these nutrients into the body.

complete/one-way gut system

continuous tube like guts. they have two opinions: mouth and an anus. Food goes in through the mouth, and anything that cannot be digested exits through the anus. ex: humans, rabbits

incomplete/two-way gut system

sac-like guts. they have one opening and anything that cannot be digested is released via the mouth. ex: sea anemones

processing gut

contain regions of the digestive tract specialized for particular functions. ex: earthworm has a region for storing soil, grinding soil, and absorbing nutrients

homodont dentition

animals that have rows of identical teeth.

heterodont dentition

have specialized teeth for shearing, crushing, or grinding.

pH

Hydrogen ion concentration
acidic

experimental treatment

treatment in which you test experimentally. This tests your hypothesis

control treatment

A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable. This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements.

Examples from lab: Photosynthesis and pH experiment: plant not exposed to any light and vial without any plant. Or baseline behavior of mosquito larvae

fungi

organisms that feed by secreting digestive enzymes from their bodies onto, or into, food items

hyphae

elongated branching strands located on the mushroom cap. they grow outward as the digest their food source, but they never move

mutualism

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship

Nt \= Nt-1 + B - D

used to calculate the size of the current generation, where:
Nt-1: previous generation size
B: births between generations
D: deaths between generations

Nt + B - D \= Nt+1

the predicted population size for the next generation

Nt

the number of organisms alive at each time period

Nt-1

the number of individuals in the previous generation or time period

Nt+1

the number of individuals predicted for the next generation

Nt+1/Nt

finite rate of increase or the per-individual growth rate across any two time periods

T0

Time zero, beginning of sampling time

Accounting table

used to keep track the individuals in each generation

Exponential growth

Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

Logistic growth

Population growth that is controlled by limited resources (carrying capacity)

Competition

when organisms compete with each other for resources

Density-dependent

the rates (birth, death, or net rate of chance in a population size) are affected by the density of organisms already present at each time period

Finite rate of increase

the number of new individuals produced per existing individual during that time period

Carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support