One of the top 10 torture methods I have for myself.

UNIT 1

Pueblo people

Farmers who spend their lives planting and harvesting crops in maize, like beans and squash, use advanced irrigation systems to divert the water to their crops. (Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and Mexico.)

Nomadic People

People who were hunters/gatherers, compared to the people in the South, hunted buffalo and gathered enough food from the Great Plains to live on. Didn’t build cities; they organized themselves into small egalitarian kinship groups. (Great Basin, Great Plains)

UTE People

Developed permanent settlements due to the abundance of fish and the variety of plants. (Northwest Coast)

Chumash People

Able to sustain nearly 1,000 people and participated in regional trading networks down the coast. (Northwest Coast)

Chinook People

Similar to the Chumash people, the only difference being that they build plank houses which housed whole families, lived communally in long houses with the abundance of timber. (Pacific Northwest)

Cahokia

The largest civilization, boasting between 10,000 and 30,000 people, had a centralized government that was led by powerful chieftains. (Westward)

Why did a lot of farmers come Westward?

The rich soil found near the Mississippi River and their participation in the trade up and down the main waterways there.

What process were the European countries going through to develop their government? (1300s-1400s)

Political unification, growing more centralized states by monarchs.

Consequences the European Countries faced after political unification?

The wealthy developed a taste for luxury goods from Asia but the trading routes from Europe to Asia were blocked by Muslims so they can’t trade under their terms.

Where did Portugal and the other European countries establish a series of trading posts?

In Africa since it gave them a stronger establishment in the Indian Ocean trade network.

Who was the European Mover when they tried seeking sea routes?

Portugal

How did they establish a trading post empire strong enough to have access to the Indian Ocean Trade Network?

They did this by deploying new technology (Ship designs, updated astronomical charts, astrolabe, Latin sail, stern post rudder) and adapting old technology.

What did Spain finish before they joined the trade networks?

The reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the North American Muslim War.

How did Spain’s victory of their reconquest influenced them?

They wanted to spread Catholic Christianity and seek new opportunities in the east.

Who did Columbus seek sponsorship from for his journey to sail west?

Ferdinand and Isabella

How was Ferdinand and Isabella convinced for Columbus’s journey?

He mentioned that he would provide them wealth in Asian Markets.

When did Columbus set sail?

1492

What did Columbus find in the Carribean?

Wealth among the inhabitants of lots of islands.

Which countries explored the New World after Columbus returned with news about the hidden wealth?

Portugal, France, and England.

What was the main turning point that led to bringing the two hemispheres together and the rise of ecological opportunities?

Columbus’ landing in Sal Salvador, Bahamas.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases between the East and the West.

What were the foods the Americans gave to Europe?

Potatoes, maize (corn), and tomatoes

Europe

Wheat, rice, and soybeans.

What animals did the Americans give to Europe?

Turkeys

What animals did Europe give to America?

Cattle, pigs, and horses

What else did the Europeans gave to America?

Permanent homes, Enslaved people, diseases that wiped out some populations of the Natives.

What diseases did the Europeans end up giving to the Natives?

Small Pox, Syphilis

What were the consequences after America gave wealth to Europe?

The beginning of Feudalism, Capitalism, and Joint-Stock Companies.

Feudalism:

Peasants lived and worked on a noble’s land in exchange for their protection.

Capitalism:

After feudalism, this economic system was based on private ownership and free exchange.

Joint-Stock Companies:

Limited liability organization where a lot of investors invest their money to support a venture.

What happens if the limited liability for a venture failed?

The company would increase their debt and the investors would have to face it aswell, individual investors on the other hand were protected.

What happens if the venture succeeded?

Everybody shared the profit.

What system did Spain create after it found out that gold and silver weren’t enough to make it rich, and many focused on Agriculture?

The Encomienda system

Encomienda System:

A system where it forces natives to farm and mine in America using the colonial labor system, encomiendas.

Consequences behind the Encomienda System:

Keeping the Natives obedient enough to not escape the brutality of their enslavement.

The Native populations were constantly dying due to small pox.

What did Spain do in response of the consequences behind the Encomienda System?

They imported the natives to work plantations in America since they didn’t know the geography.

What did Spain do after they dominated Central and South America?

The introduced a new system of social classes called the Casta System based on their racial ancestry.

Castra System order:

1- Peninsulares

2- Criolos

3- Castas

4- Mulattoes, Mestizos

5- Africans

6- Native Africans.

How did the Europeans viewed the Native Americans?

Military alliances, subjects of exploitation and christian conversion.

What practices did the Europeans adapt from the Natives?

Cultivating Maize, Hunting

What practices did the Natives adapted from the Europeans ?

Iron tools, Weapon

What was the explanation for the European’s treatment of the Natives and African Americans?

Their Belief System

What was Spain’s Belief for the Native Americans?

They were ontologically less than human so they’re immune to the harsh treatments they have to face.

Which priest supported Spain’s belief of Native Americans?

Juan Guiness

Which priest was entirely against Spain’s belief of Native Americans after he spent time with them?

Bartolomé de las Casas

What did Bartolomé do?

He persuaded the king to pass laws to end slavery of the Natives.