The study of cells=
The study of life; life is continuous
What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
Cells are fundamental units of life
All living organisms are composed of cells
All cells arise from preexisting cells
What are the two types of cells and its kingdoms?
Prokaryotic: cells do not contain organelles -Bacteria -Archaea
Eukaryotic: Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Animalia
What kingdoms are single-celled organisms?
Protists, Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi (a few)
What kingdoms are multi-celled organisms?
Animalia, Fungi, Plantae
Do larger organisms have larger cells?
No, larger organisms have more cells
Why are cells small?
High surface area : volume ratio
Cells must be large enough to...
House organelles and function
Cells must be small enough to...
Take in nutrients and take out waste to/from the entire cell
Cells have...
Varied size, shapes and functions; most cells are microscopic
What are light microscopes?
An optical instrument with lenses that bend visible light to magnify images of specimen
What specimens do light microscopes cover?
Living specimen (e.g. most plant and animal cells, nucleus, most bacteria, most mitochondrion); lower resolution than SEM and TEM
What is a scanning electron microscope (SEM)?
A microscope that uses an electron beam to look at the surface of a sample
What is a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?
A microscope that uses an electron beam to look at the internal structure of cells ( through the thin sections stained with metal atoms)
What are the structures present in all cells?
Plasma membrane
Semifluid substance called cytoplasm
Chromosomes (carry genes)
Ribosomes (make proteins)
What is a prokaryotic cell?
The first cell type on Earth; Unicellular (single-celled) with the following cellular structures:
-nucleoid region (where DNA is/ not an organelle)
+May Have:
- cell wall (tough outer structure)
-capsule (may surround the cell wall)
-flagella (rotates to move cell)
-fimbriae (used for attaching to surfaces)
When an organism has a membrane, cell wall, and capsule, it is...
Pathogenic
Do prokaryotes have cilia?
No
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
-Prokaryotic: smaller, no nucleus/ organelles, one circular chromosome
-Eukaryotic: larger, extensive cytoskeleton, nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, multiple linear chromosomes
-Similarities: 1) DNA 2) Ribosome 3) Cytoplasm 4) Membrane
What is the predominant molecule in cell membranes?
Phospholipids
Are phospholipids water soluble?
No, they're a lipid
What are the four functions of the plasma membrane?
Physical isolation and protection
Regulation of exchange with the environment
Structural support
Identification
What is a fluid mosaic model?
A sheet of lipids with embedded proteins and attached carbohydrates
Define semi-permeable.
Some things can diffuse through the membrane, but not all
Phospholipids are _____________ molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
Amphipathic
How do the phospholipids move?
Move laterally all the time, but do not flip flop due to the hydrophobic interactions
What factors affect membrane fluidity?
Lipid composition-> more unsaturation= more fluidity
Cholesterol
Which fatty acid type would create a fluid membrane? A viscous membrane?
Unsaturated fatty acids; saturated fatty acids
Would a thinner or thicker membrane result in better permeability?
Thinner-> things can move through a thinner membrane
What is embedded in the membrane?
Cholesterol- regulates membrane fluidity
Channel proteins- allow specific molecules to pass through
Receptor proteins- receive messages from other cells
What happens to membrane fluidity in cold temperatures?
Fluidity declines
What is the role of cholesterol in warm vs. cold temperatures?
-Warm: membrane= very fluid; cholesterol prevents gaps from forming in the membranes by pulling it together
-Cold: membrane=very viscous; cholesterol pushes the membrane apart
Up to ___% of the cell membrane may be cholesterol.
25
What are the types of membrane proteins?
-Peripheral proteins: on one side of the membrane, can be on the inside or outside (never embedded)
-Integral proteins: embedded (inserted) in the membrane; Two classes: partially embedded, transmembrane (all the way across)
-Transmembrane proteins: across the membrane, mimics the chemistry of the membrane. Inner part is hydrophobic; Outer part is hydrophilic
What is a glycolipid?
Carbohydrate covalently bonded to lipid, may serve as cell recognition particle
What is a glycoprotein?
Carbohydrate covalently bonded to protein
Where are membrane proteins synthesized in the cell?
ER
What are the six membrane protein functions?
Transport
Enzymatic activity
Signal transduction
Cell-cell recognition
Intercellular joining
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM
What is a cell wall?
Extracellular structure that distinguishes plant from animal cells
What kingdoms have cell walls?
Bacteria, fungi, plantae (animal never have cell walls)
What is the function of the cell wall?
Protects the cell and maintains its shape
What is the primary component of a cell wall?
Cellulose- embedded in other carbohydrates and proteins
How do neighboring cells communicate?
Through adhering and communicating with direct contact
What are the cell junctions in animal tissues?
Tight junctions, desmosome, gap junctions, plasmodesmata
What is the first cell junction in animal tissues?
Tight junctions: membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
What is the second cell junction in animal tissues?
Desmosomes: AKA anchoring junctions; fasten cells together into strong sheets; there is an intracellular space for movement of materials
What is the third cell junction in animal tissues?
Gap junction: (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
What is the fourth cell junction in animal tissues?
Plasmodesmata: channels that perforate plant cell walls, not found in animal cells (functions like straw); allow passage of water and small solutes (& sometimes proteins and RNA) from cell to cell
What are animal cells covered by?
Extracellular matrix (ECM):
-made up of glycoproteins such as collagen (fibrous), and other jelly-like substances
-hold cells together in tissues
-gives physical properties to cartilage, bone, etc.
-filters materials passing between tissues
What are integrins?
Link ECM to the membrane
Define cytoplasmic streaming.
Flow of the cytoplasm inside the cell
Define cytoplasm.
The material between the nuclear membrane and cellular membrane
Define cytosol.
The jelly like material between the nuclear membrane and cellular membrane