Module # 3 : prenatal development

evolutionary psychology

focuses on how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive process have evolved over time

study a variety of psychological phenomena that may have evolved as adaptation

Theory of natural selection

(darwin ) refers to the survival and reproduction of organisms better suited for their environment over those poorly suited

Gametes

two types involved in reproduction : male gametes (sperm ) and female gametes (ova)

deletion

portion is missing or deleted

duplications

portion is duplicted

translocations

portion is transferred to another

Inversions

portion has broken off and reattached upside down

insertions

portion has even deleted and inserted into another chromosome

RIngs

portion had broken off and formed a circle

Isochromosome

Formed by the mirror copy of a chromosome segment

Chromosomal abnormalities #21

Down syndrome

chromosomal abnormality 23

sex-linked chromosomal abnormality

Prenatal screening

focuses on finding problems among a large population with affordable and noninvasive methods and commonly includes ultrasounds, blood test, and blood pressure readings

• can detect problems such as neural tube defects, anatomical defect, anatomical defects, chromosomal abnormalities, and gene mutations

Prenatal diagnosis

focuses on pursing additional detailed information once a particular problem has been found and can be invasive

• intended to enable timely medical or surgical treatment of a condition, to give parents the change to abort a fetus, and to give parents the chance to better prepare for a baby with special needs

epigenetics

describe psychological development as the result of a ongoing , bi-directional interchange between heredity and the environment

Behavioral genetics

is the science of how genes and environments work together to influence behavior and can be studied in adoption studies and twin studies

monozygotic twins

occur when a single zygote or fertilized egg splits apart in the first two weeks of development and creates two separate but identical offspring

Dizygotic twins

share the same generic material as would any other children with the same mother and father. two eggs

Conjoined twins

monozygotic twins whose bodies are joined during pregnancy

Vanishing twins

as many as 1 in 8 pregnancies start out as multiple but only a single fetus is brought to full term

Twin studies

a behavior genetic research method that involves a comparison of the similarity of monozygotic and fraternal twins

The germinal period ( week 1-2 )

the fertilitzed egg forms a zygote as a one-cell structure

the genetics makeup an sex of the baby are set

During the first week, the zygote divides and multiplies through process of mitosis for about 7-10 days and has 150 cells then implant into the uterine lining

The embryoic Period ( weeks 3-8)

• upon implantation, the muti-cellular is called an embryo

• the placenta, a structure connected to the utarus’s to provide nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the embryo via the umbilical cord, is formed

• cells continue to differentiate, the heart starts beating, organs begin to form and function

• growth occurs from head to tail ( cephalocaudal ) and from the midline outward ( proximodistal )

• about 20% of organisms fail during the embryonic period

the placenta

a structure connected to the uterus to provide nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the embryo via the umbilical cord, is formed

The fetal period ( weeks 9-40)

fetus ( at about 9 weeks), about the size of a kidney bean and begin to look human

• By 12 weeks, the fetus ad ll body parts

• By 16 weeks, the fetus is about 4.5 inches long with fully developed fingers and toes and visible fingerprints

• Organ systems continue to develop and rudimentary neurons in the brain are developed by 14 weeks

• The age of viability is reached at about 22 to 26 weeks

• By week 37 all of the fetus’s organ system are developed enough that it could survive outside the mother’s uterus without risks associated with premature birth

Teratogens

Factors that can contribute to birth defects include some maternal diseases, drugs , alcohol and stress, as well as environmental and occupational exposures

Tabaco

Nicotine level travel through the placenta to the fetus and has been associated with low birth rate, placenta previa, birth defect, preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction, and sudden infant death syndrome

Fetal alcohol spectrum ( FASD)

alchol : consumption particularly during the second month of prenatal development, may lead to neurocognitive and behavioral difficulties that can last a lifetime and can frequently result in ____

Drugs

if prescription medication is required, the lowest possible dose should be used

Illicit drugs can cause low -birthweight, withdrawal symptoms, birth defects, or learning and behavioral problems

Environmental chemicals

can include an exposure to a wide array of agents including pollution, organic mercury compounds, herbicides, and industrial solvents

Sexually transmitted infections

can complicate pregnancy and may have serious effects on both the mother and developing baby

Maternal diseases

Maternal illnesses increase the chance that a baby will be born with a birth defects or have a chronic health problem

maternal stress

because of a link in blood supply between mother and fetus, stress can leave lasting effects on a developing fetus

Timing of exposure

If a substance is introduce during a particular bodily structure’s critical period of development , damage may be greater

Amount of exposure

some substance are not hurtful unless the amounts reach a certain level

Genetics

genetic make-up plays a role in the impact a particular teratogen might have on a child

being male or female

males are more likely to experience damage due to teratogen than females

Minor side effect of pregnancy

• nausea

• heartburn

• gas

• hemorrhoid

• backache

• leg cramps

• insomnia

• constipation

• shortness of breath

• varicose veins

major complication to pregnancy

can pose health risk to the mother and child an often require special care

• gestational diabetes

• hyperemesis gravidarum

• Preeclampsia

• Deep via thrombosis

• Increased susceptibility to infections

• Peripartum cardiomyopathy ( the worst one )

Pregnancy-related death

the death of women while pregnant or within 1 year of the end of a pregnancy, regardless of the outcome, duration, or site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management

Mangan method or Hypnobirthing

( dick-read method ) emphasizes relaxation and proper breathing with contraction as well as family support and education

The lanaze method

emphasizes the woman to be in control of delivery through muscle relaxation, breathing through contractions, having focal point during contractions, and having a support person

The Bradley method

helps women deliver naturally with few or no drugs emphasizing excellent nutrition and exercise, relaxation techniques for pain, and the partner as coach

Nurse midwives

assist with deliveries for women who are at lows risk for birth complication at home , in a birth center, or hospital

Home Births

most common for women who have previous children, are over 25 and who are white

Birth centers

present a more home-like environment than s hospital labor ward with more options during labor and decor meant to emphasize the normality of birth

water birth

can help alleviate discomfort and pressure for the mother and can include laboring and /or giving birth in a warm tub of water

Hospital birth

the most common and can include wither natural pain relief methods or medication an medical intervention the relieve pain, such as an epidural or inhaled nitrous oxide

The first stage

typically the longest with uterine contractions initially lasting about 30 seconds 15 to 20 minutes apart but increasing in duration and frequency to more than a min and 3 to 4 minutes apart

During this stage, the cervix dilates to 10 centimeter s or just under 4 inches and take 12 - 16 hours for first children and 6-9 hours for women who have previously given birth

the second stage

involves the passage of the baby through the birth canal and take about 10- 40 minutes with the head delivering first and the umbilical cord clamped and cut

Third stage

relatively painless when the placenta is delivered and occurs within 20 minutes after delivery of the baby

cesarean section

is the use of sugergy to deliever babies and may be necessary when vaginal delivery poses a risk to baby or mother

The enoatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)

assesses the baby’s motor development, muscle tone, and stress response

APGAR

conducted 1 to 5 minutes after birth and measures the heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and color on a score of ) to 2 with any total scores 5 or under being a cause for concern

( appearance, pulse, grimace, activity and respiration)