BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1

Concrete

Is the most commonly used man-made material on earth. It is an important construction material used extensively in buildings, bridges, roads and damns.

Plain/Ordinary Concrete

most used, often for the construction of pavements and buildings that doesn't require very high tensile strength.

Cement

a building material that is a powder made of a mixture of calcined limestone and clay.

Coarse Aggregate

Used in PCC must be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matter.

Fine Aggregate

Shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass through a screen of 5mm square mesh.

Plain Concrete

Is used for constructing pavements, footpaths and building in areas that do not require high tensile strength.

Lightweight Concrete

Also known as cellular concrete, this is very flowable material so can be easily poured by using gravity and self leveling.

Foamed concrete

A highly workable, low density material which can incorporate up to 75% entrained air.

High Density Concrete

This type of heavyweight concrete has a greater density than other types and is manufactured using crushed rocks as coarse aggregate.

Reinforced Concrete

Is a versatile composite and one of the most widely used materials in modern construction.

Precast Concrete

A form of concrete that is prepared, cast and cured offsite, usually in a controlled factory environment, using reusable moulds.

Prestressed Concrete

Is a structural material that allows for pre determined, engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that will occur when they are subject to loading.

Glass Reinforced Concrete

Is a construction material that is commonly used to for exterior cladding panels.

Air-entrained Concrete

Is a form of plain concrete that contains microscopic air bubbles that range in size from a few thousandths of an inch in diameter to a few hundredths.

Self-compacting Concrete

Is regarded by some as one of the most important recent advancements in the concrete technology.

Smart Concrete

An alternative method for monitoring the health of reinforced concrete structures.

Concrete fibre

Is a composite material consisting of a mixture of cement.

Polymer Concrete

High strength performance concrete can be produced by including short fibres in the mix. Uses polymers to supplement or replace cement as a binder

Concrete curing

Is a term applied to the chemical process that describes a change in the state of materials, usually as they turn from liquid to solid.

Slump test

when freshly mixed concrete is checked to ensure that the specified slump is being attained consistently.

Compressive Strength Test

common quality-control test of concrete, based on 7 and 28 days curing periods. specimens are usually cylindrical with a length equal to twice the diameter. standard size is 12 inch. high and 6 inch. diameter

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

is a type of cement that is manufactured and used worldwide.

Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)

a high resistance to different chemical assaults on concrete.

Rapid Hardening Cement

is made when finely grounded C3S is displayed in OPC with higher concrete.

Extra Rapid Hardening Cement

gains strength quicker and it is obtained by adding calcium chloride to rapid hardening cement.

Low Heat Cement

is prepared by keeping the percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6% and by increasing the proportion of C2S.

Sulfates Resisting Cement

This type of cement is manufactured to resist sulfate attack in concrete.

Quick Setting Cement

also offer quick setting cement which sets faster than OPC but the strength remains the same.

Blast Furnace Slag Cement

This type of cement is manufactured by grinding the clinker with about 60% slag and it is similar to Portland cement.

High Alumina Cement

is obtained by mixing calcining bauxite and lime with clinker during the manufacturing process of OPC.

White Cement

This type of cement is manufactured by using raw materials that are free from iron and oxide.

White Portland Cement

same materials as normal Portland except in color.

Masonry Cement or Tile Adhesives

has been specially designed to produce better mortar than that made with normal portland cement or with a lime-cement has particularly good plasticity and workability, good adhesion and bond.

Waterproofed Portland Cement

normally produced by adding a small amount of stearate, usually calcium or aluminum to the cement clinker during the final grinding.

Cement Testing

Various tests to which cements must conform are laid down in national cement specifications to control the fineness, soundness, setting time, and strength of the cement.

Masonry

is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and bound together by mortar; the term can also refer to the units themselves.

BRICK MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

makes use of first-class burnt clay bricks. Is a highly durable form of construction. It is built by placing bricks in mortar in a systematic manner to construct solid mass that withstand exerted loads.

brick

is a type of block used to build walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction.

Block

is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of similar materials, but is usually larger than a brick.

Fired bricks

are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials, sometimes referred to as artificial stone, and have been used since circa 4000 BC.

STONE MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

is a type of building masonry construction that uses stones and mortar.

RUBBLE MASONRY

This is the roughest and cheapest form of stone walling. In this type of masonry, the stones used are of widely different sizes.

Random Rubble Masonry

This form is slightly superior to uncoursed rubble masonry. In this form the stones used in the work are hammer or chisel-dressed.

Coursed Rubble Masonry

This is the form of masonry which is commonly adopted in the construction residential buildings public buildings, piers and abutments for ordinary bridges.

ASHLAR MASONRY

consists of blocks of accurately dressed stone with extremely fine bed and joints. The blocks may be either square and rectangular shape.

VENEER MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

is constructed by having a non-structural external layer, usually with bricks and it is backed by an air cavity.

GABION MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

are retaining walls built by stacking stone in a gabion cage or gabion basket that can serve many purposes but are most often used to create tiered or leveled ground in gardens.

COMPOSITE MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

is a masonry constructed with two or more types of construction units or different types of construction materials, i.e. bricks, stones, etc.

Aluminum

is a soft, nonmagnetic silvery metal

Aluminum sheet and strip

used for roofing, flashing, gutter, etc

CORRUGATED ALUMINUM

This is rigidized sheet fabricated of special aluminum alloys specifically developed for this purpose. It usually consists of an aluminum alloy core of one type clad with another, highly corrosion-resistant aluminum roofing and siding

Iron

tough, malleable silvery-white metal that is soft and ductile as copper, it is easily magnetized

Cast Iron

is used in the architectural field mainly for piping and fittings, ornamental ironwork, hardware, as the base metal for porcelain enameled plumbing fixtures, and for miscellaneous casting such as floor and wall brackets for railings, vents, circular stairs manhole covers, and gratings.

Wrought Iron

is soft, malleable, tough, fatigue-resistant, and resistant to progressive corrosion.

STEEL

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.

COPPER

is ductile, malleable, nonmagnetic metal with a characteristic bright, reddish brown color.

TIN

is a soft, ductile, malleable, bluish-white metal.

ZINC

is medium hard, bluish- white metal is characterized by brittleness and low strength.

BRASS

fundamentally an alloy of copper and zinc with small quantities of other elements sometimes added to give the special qualities.

BRONZE

is an alloy of copper and tin which varies only slightly from 90% copper and 10% tin composition.

CHROMIUM

is a steel-white metal which takes a brilliant polish and is harder than cobalt or nickel.

NICKEL

is an inert silvery metal that is resistant to strong alkalis and to most acids.

LEAD

is a blue-gray, soft, very heavy metal (the heaviest of the common metals).

SOLDERING

Process of joining two metallic surfaces to make an electrical contact by melting solder (usually tin and lead) across them.

Metal Bath Dip Solder

is defined as a metal-joining process where the workpieces to be joined are immersed in a pot of molten solder.

BRAZING

is a type of soldering in which the operating temperatures are higher (but lower than in welding) and in which stronger and higher-melting alloys are used to fill the joints, which consequently are stronger than ordinary soldered joints.

WELDING

joining two pieces of metal using heat

RIVETS

is are devices used to join or fasten the metals

STEEL BARS

Reinforcement for concrete construction is mostly in the form of steel bars and rods of round or square cross section.

WIRE FABRIC

made of cold-drawn steel wire is widely used for the reinforcement of concrete slabs and floors, as well as for stuccoed work.

Welded Wire Fabric

A type of reinforcement used in reinforced concrete, consisting of a grid of steel wires perpendicular to each other and welded at all points of intersection.

Triangle-mesh Wire Fabric

Built up of either single or stranded longitudinal wires with cross wires or bond wires running diagonally across the fabric.

EXPANDED MESH

This is manufactured from solid steel sheets.

LATHS

are furnished either in flat or segmental sheets, pressed into a series of solid ribs, between which the metal is stamped, perforated or deformed into an open meshwork.

STORAGE & CARE FOR METAL REINFORCEMENT

Metal reinforcement shall be stored in racks above the ground and away from moisture and vegetation.

Wood

fibrous material made of dead cells that are part of the vascular system in some plants

Softwoods

Conifers. Coniferous trees retain their needle like leaves and are commonly called evergreen trees. Ex: Cedar, pine and spruce.

Hardwoods

Deciduous. Trees have broad leaves, which they usually lose in the fall. Ex: Birch, Cherry, Oak and Maple.

Plywood

is the most common wood composite.

Hardboard

a generic term for panel manufactured from interfelted lignocellulose fibers consolidated under hot press with heat and pressure

Chipboard

This type of board is cheap but not very strong and is produced by compressing wood particles together with glue. It is usually used with a hardwood or veneer surface and is used in table tops or cheap furniture.

Fiberboard and Medium Density Fiberboard

are finishing materials made from vegetable fibers such as corn or sugarcane stalks pressed into sheets. It is not very strong but has good insulating properties therefore it is usually used for ceiling only.

Gypsum board

A prefabricated form of plaster used in place of conventional three-coat interior plaster.

Fiber cement board

made of fibers (timber slurry) and portland cement, quartz sand, additives, etc.; versatile and durable material for interior and exterior application (ceiling, partitions, siding, etc.)

Particle board

is also called as chipboard, it is a sheet that made up with wood chips glued and pressed to form under a high pressure and temperature

MILLWORK

Manufactured wood products such as doors, windows, and moldings.

Plastics

synthetic polymers that can be molded or shaped

Thermoplastics

Materials that can be repeatedly softened by heating and hardened by cooling. Examples include acrylic, pvc, and nylon.

CELLULOSICS

primarily cellulose acetate or butyrate, used principally for paints and lacquers, and transparent sheeting.

Polyethylne

it is one of most important thermoplastics because of its excellent transparency and rigidity and its easy moldability.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

A material used for the outside insulation and jacketing of most cables. Also a fire rating for a type of cable that has no significant fire protection.

POLYCARBONATES

tough, clear polymers used in protective helmets, safety glasses, and dental crowns

POLYPROPYLENE

tough plastic with good resistance to heat and chemical action.

NYLONS

refers to a family of polymers called linear polyamides.

FLUOROPLASTICS

are a class of paraffinic polymers that have some or all of the hydrogen replaced by fluorine.

ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS)

is a styrenic resin with improved toughness and heat resistance.

ALKYDS

appear chiefly as molded electrical parts, and as the vehicle in paints, lacquers, and enamels .

PHENOLICS

used for paints, baked enamels, adhesives, impregnating resins for paper and wood, and finish hardware.

POLYESTER

the plastic most commonly used in large glass-fiber reinforced translucent panels that are strong, rigid, and impact-resistant.

URETHANES

used in paint coatings, and as foams, are self-adhesive.