lesson 1

communication systems

nervous, respiratory, phonatory, articulation + resonance, auditory

anatomy

the study of an organism and the relations of its parts

physiology

the study of the function of the living organism and its parts

anatomical position

body erect, palms and arms face forward

frontal/coronal plane

divides body into front and back halves

transverse plane

divides body into upper and lower parts

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right parts

anterior/ventral

toward front

posterior/dorsal

toward back

lateral

toward side

medial

toward midline

superial/rostral/cranial

above/towards head

inferior/caudal

below/towards tail

proximal

near to a point of reference

distal

far from a point of reference

superficial

toward surface

deep

further from surface/toward central axis

central

toward center

peripheral

away from center

abduct

move away from midline

adduct

move toward midline

flexion

bending at a joint, ventral direction

extension

pulling ends farther apart/opposite flexion

thorax

chest region

abdomen

belly

trunk

thorax + abdomen

pelvis

hip bones area

skull

cranium + facial portion

cranium

houses brain and components

facial portion

houses mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity

upper extremity

arm, forearm, wrist, hand

lower extremity

thigh, leg, ankle, foot

cells

basic structural/functional units of all organisms

tissues

groups of cells combined to do same function

types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

epithelial tissue

protective lining for surface of body and internal surfaces

epithelial tissue types

epithelial proper, endothelial, mesothelial

epithelial proper

skin + lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts

endothelial

lining of blood and lymph vessels

mesothelial

lining of internal body cavities - pericardial, pleural, peritoneal

pericardial

lining of heart

pleural

lining of lungs

peritoneal

abdominal cavity

connective tissue

support and connect other tissues

connective tissue types

loose, dense, special

loose connective tissue + types

loosely packed or scattered fibers w/in the matrix - areolar, adipose, lymphoid

areolar tissue

forms bed of skin

adipose tissue

contains fat storing cells, protection, insulation, fuel storage

lymphoid tissue

tonsils, adenoid, lymph nodes

dense connective tissue + types

tightly packed extracellular fibers or collagen w/in the matrix - tendons, ligaments, fascia

tendons

tough non-elastic cords, attach muscles to bone, cartilage or muscle

ligaments

somewhat elastic fibers/cords

skeletal ligaments

bone to bone, bone to cartilage, cartilage to cartilage

visceral ligaments

tie organs together, keep them in place

fascia

separates muscles into functional groups

specialized connective tissue

cartilage, bone, blood

cartilage

flexible, firm, snaps back instead of breaking

hyaline cartilage

strong with some flex - in the ribs, larynx, trachea, bronchia passageways, nose

elastic cartilage

very flexy - in epiglottis, small cartilages of the larynx, outer ear

fibrocartilage

dense shock absorbers - between intervertebral disks, temporal-mandibular joint, other strong joints

blood

transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, signaling molecules, removes waste

blood components

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

bone

provides framework for tissues in body

articulation (anatomy)

joint/juncture between bones or cartilages

joint

connection between bones or cartilage

joint types

diarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, synarthrodial

diarthrodial/synovial joint

high mobility, susceptible to injury

amphiarthrodial

limited mobility, cartilaginous connective tissue joint

synarthrodial

no mobility, connects bones by fibrous connective tissue

muscle tissue types

cardiac, smooth, striated/skeletal

cardiac muscle tissue

only in heart, controlled by autonomic ns

smooth muscle tissue

digestive tract, blood vessels, controlled by autonomic ns

striated muscle tissue

skeletal, striped appearance, controlled by somatic ns

Muscle function

muscles can only shorten (contraction), contract in straight line (except sphincter)

origin

least mobile point of muscle attachment

insertion

point of attachment that moves with contraction

neural tissue

specialized to transmit info

neurons/nerve cells

transmit info neuron to neuron

glial cells

support, provide nutrients to neurons

organ

tissues coming together for particular function

system

2+ organs combine for particular function

neuron

communicating element of ns

soma

cell body of neuron

dendrite

short projection that conducts impulses toward cell body

axon

longer projection that conducts impulses away from cell body

myelin sheath

white fatty covering axon, protects and insulates, increases rate of neural conduction

telodendria

smaller branches extending from end of axon

terminal buttons

tip of telodendria, contain synaptic vesicles

synaptic vesicles

contain neurotransmitters

neurotransmitters

chemical substances that transmit nerve impulses

synaps (synaptic cleft)

small gap between connecting neurons

neurotransmission

communication between neurons/muscle movement of chemical across synapse

interneurons

communicate within nervous system

sensory neurons

afferent - info from body to cns

motor neurons

efferent - info from cns to body

autonomic ns

involuntary function, conserves/expands energy

somatic ns

voluntary motor control, background tone and movements

cns

brain, spinal cord

pns

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sensory receptors

cerebrum

surface brain, cerebral cortex