POB exam 1

organized

organized

there is a system and structure

requires energy and material

needs an outside source of materials and energy to maintain organization

has the capacity to reproduce and develop

make another organism like themselves

has the ability to respond to stimuli

receive external environment and respond to it

maintains homeostasis

can keeps internal environment of every cell somewhat stable

has the ability to adapt

can develop/ posses certain features to survive in a new enviorment

atom

smallest unit of life, protons, neutrons and electrons

molecule

union of 2 or more atoms, the same or different

cell

structural and functional unit of living organisms

tissue

group of cells with common structure and function

organ

group of cells with common structure to preform tasks

organ system

groups of organ working together

organisms

an individual, complex and contains organs system

species

a group of similar interbreeding organisms

population

similar organisms in the same area

community

interact populations ina certain area

ecosystem

community plus physical environment

natural selection

evolutionary change made by environmental selection. most fit reproduce with most fit

evolutionary adaptations

includes birds in different areas having different beaks. they more and slowly develop a more fit beak for there enviorment

emergent properties

characteristics organisms Gian when they become part of a bigger system. these help organisms survive and adapt to their evniorments

archaea

contains prokaryotic cells that live in extreme habitats, these have unique genetic characteristics

bacteria

contains prokaryotic cells that differ from archaea

eukarya

consists of organisms with eukaryotic cells, included protists, fungi, plants and animals

protists

consists of organisms with eukaryotic organisms that are not plant, animals or fungus. these are mostly microscopic

plants

photosynthesis eurkryotes

fungi

eukaryotic decomposers

animal

heterotrophic eukaryotes that undergo development to achieve their final form these are mobile organisms with muscular and nervous systems

science

a systematic way of gaining knowledge

technology

the application of science that benefits humans

major challenges in science

climate change, biodiversity, habitat loss

strengths in science

adaptivity and constantly gaining more information

experimental design

doing an experiment to seek support of an hypothesis

turgor pressure

force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall

hypertonic solution

the cell will shrink because increased water concentration inside of the cell

isotonic solution

equilibrium of water inside and outside of the cell

hypotonic solution

cell will swell because of the increased water concentration outside of the cell

observation

involves recording data from an experimental or natural event

law

description of a patter in nature, accepted by lots

theory

explantation of why a pattern is in nature

inductive reasoning

using scientific observations and logic to arrive at a general scientific principles

deductive reasoning

if then logic. uses general principles to predicts specific outcomes

protons

positively charged in the nucleus

neutrons

no charge; in the nucleus

electrons

negatively charged; in orbitals around the outside of the nucleus (electron shell)

atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus

atomic symbol

1 or 2 letters from an elements English or latin name

radioactive molecules

isotopes

have a different number of neutrons than the neutral element. this causes the element to be unstable and emit energies

low level or radiation

can be used to make markers in the body. this can made thyroid tumors and other cancers visible on PET scans

high level of radiation

can damage cells and DNA. this can cause cancers, but in the tight application can be used for radiation treatments

ionic bonding

when electrons are transferred from one element to another (creates a cation and an anion)

covalent bonding

when 2 atoms share electrons

non polar covalent bonding

bond when the sharing of electrons is equal

polar covalent binding

bond which the sharing electrons in unequal

hydrogen bonding

a weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative atom

-lots of these weak bond make STRONG bonds

water is

polar with hydrogen bonds

water has a _____ heat capacity

high

water has a high heat of _______

vaporizations

water is a

solvent

cohesion

molecules cling together because of hydrogen bonding

adhesion

water can attach itself to polar surfaces

acids

have a high H+ concentration, these molecules release hydrogen when they dissociate

bases

high OH- concentrations, these molecules release OH- to take up H+ when they dissociate

MHC

acids make pH

lower, increasing the acidity

bases make pH

higher, decreasing the acidity

organic molecules

molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen (often oxygen as well) associated with living organisms

inrognaic molecules

molecule that do not contain carbon or hydrogen

hydroxyl

R-OH

amino

R=NH2

phospate

R-O-PO2H

carboxyl

R-CO3H

monomers

a small molecule that make up polymers

dehydration reaction

monomer-OH + H-monomer ———> monomer+monomer + H2O

hydrolysis reaction

monomer+monomer + H2O——→ monomer-OH + monomer+H2O

glucose

C6H12O6

monosaccharides

one simple sugar molecule

dissaccharides

2 monosaccharides that have joined together by a dehydration reaction

polysaccharides

long polymers made from glucose

starch

storage unit in plants

glycogen

starch from of glucose in animals

cellulose

help provide structure in plants

chitin

found in exoskeleton of carbs and other shelled animals, can also eb found in paper

lipids

fats and oils, long term energy storage

triglycerides

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

phospholipids

molecule that forms the biplayer in cell membranes

the head of the phospholipid layer is

polar and hydrophilic

the tails of the bilayer are

non polar and hydrophobic

steriods

4 fused carbon rings and a functional group

saturated fats

have no double bonds and are the least processed

unsaturated fats

have some double bonds and are slightly more processed

transfats

contain hydrogenation and are very bad for you

affect of eating transfats

they build up in the body causing plaque to build up in the arteries

proteins

important for structure and function of cells

protein main functions

metabolic, support, transport, defense, regulation and motion

polypeptides

made of amino acids monomers

amino acid

1 amino group, 1 acidic group with a R group bonded through a peptide bond

2 amino acids form a

dipeptide through hydrolysis

peptide bonds

covalent bonds that join 2 amino acids

either a C-O bond or N-H bond

chains of amino acids form

polypeptide chains

primary structure

linear sequence of amino acids