HBS Final Review

Lateral

Away from the midline

Medial

Closer to the midline

Proximal

Nearest point of attachment

Anterior

Front

Distal

Farthest point of attachment

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Posterior

Back

Mandible

Maxilla

Zygomatic Process

Frontal Bone

Temporal Bone

Occiptal Bone

Parietal Bone

Clavicle

Humerus

Ulna

Temporalis

Orbicularis Oculi

Orbicularis Oris

Radius

Action of the Temporalis

Move the lower jaw

Action of the Orbicular Oculi

Blink, Wink

Action of the Orbicular Oris

Move the lips

How can differences in our skeleton contribute to our identity?

Differences in our skeleton contribute to our outside appearance, which relates to the size of our body and muscles.

How do the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system work together to control the body?

The nerves of the PNS allows the brain and spinal cord to send and receive information.

Why is the story of Phineas Gage considered so extraordinary? What does his story teach us about the brain?

The story is extraordinary because Phineas Gage survived his injury and lived on after the fact, and this story taught us that the brain has different regions that control our characteristics.

The path of electrical impulses through the brain

Impulses are sent down a neuron starting in the dendrites, and moves down the axon. The myelin sheath speeds up the nerve impulses, and the nodes of ranvier speed up the action potential. At the axon terminal the impulse goes through the synapse to the neurotransmitters.

How do neurons convey information using both electrical and chemical signals?

Chemical and electrical signals are conveyed across the cell membrane. Electrical signals are converted into chemical signals from neurotransmitters.

Which parts of the eye are most important when it comes to focusing light so we can see a perfect image?

The cornea allows for the eye to bend light and focus on an image. The lens focus the light on the retina.

The relationship between “seeing” with the eye and “perceiving” with the brain

When the eye sees an image in front of it, the brain quickly assumes it is that of a past image seen.

Nasal

Nose

Oral

Mouth

Cervical

Neck

Acromial

Collarbone

Thoracic

Chest

Brachial

Bicep

Anticubital

Below the Bicep

Abdominal

Abs

Umbilical

Belly Button

Carpal

Wrist

Digits

Fingertips

Pubic

Genital Region

Patellar

knee

Crural

Front Shin

Tarsal

Feet

Orbital

Eyes

Buccal

Cheek

\
Sternal

Sternum

Axillary

Armpit

Pelvic

Above Pelvis

Coxal

Hips

Inguinal

Above Pubic Region

Femoral

Femur

Fibular

Side of the shin

Cephalic

Whole Head

Occipital

Back of the Head

Deltoid

Shoulder

Scapular

Scapula

Vertebral

Vertebrae

Olecranal

Back of the Elbow

Lumbar

Low Back

Sacral

Above Glutes

Gluteal

Glutes

Popliteal

Back of the Knee

Sural

Calf

Calcneal

Heel

Metatarsal

Bottom of the Foot

\
Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that lines the cavities of organs to provide protection (Ex. skin)

Connective Tissue

Tissue that binds tissue and organs together. (Ex. blood)

Muscle Tissue

Tissue that allows movement (Ex. skeletal muscle)

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that controls body activities (Ex. neurons)

Bones used to identify height

Femur, Tibia, and Radius

Bone used to identify sex

Pelvis

Bone used to identify race

Skull

Biometrics

Body measurements related to human characteristics (Ex. fingerprints)

Pituitary Gland

Controls the functions of other endocrine glands

Thyroid Gland

Releases hormones that control metabolism

Thymus

Makes and trains special white blood cells (t-cells)

Pancreas

Produces enzymes that break down sugars, fats, and starches

Adrenal Gland

Makes steroids hormones and adrenaline

Dendrites

appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells. They resemble a tree-like structure, forming projections that become stimulated by other neurons and conduct the electrochemical charge to the cell body

Axon

where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons

Nodes of Ranvier

function as repeaters to regenerate the action potential as it propagates in a saltatory manner along the axon to the nerve terminal

Myelin Sheath

an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances. This allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

Synapse

the site of transmission of electric nerve impulses between two nerve cells

Neurotransmitters

a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.

Frontal Lobe

voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions

Parietal Lobe

processes sensory information it receives from the outside world, mainly relating to touch, taste, and temperature

Temporal Lobe

Memory and Hearing

Occipital Lobe

Vision

Spinal Cord

Carry’s messages and sends sensory information

Cerebellum

Helps maintain balance and posture

Depolarization

the gated sodium ion channels on the neuron's membrane suddenly open and allow sodium ions (Na+) present outside the membrane to rush into the cell. As the sodium ions quickly enter the cell, the internal charge of the nerve changes from -70 mV to -55 mV

Repolarization

a stage of an action potential in which the cell experiences a decrease of voltage due to the efflux of potassium (K+) ions along its electrochemical gradient.

Hyperpolarization

when the membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the neuron's membrane

Endocrine Gland

A gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood (pituitary gland)

Exocrine Gland

Substances are produced and released on the body’s surface (sweat)

How do hormones interact with target cells?

They cause cellular changes by binding to receptors on target cells