anatomy midterm locked 222

What does inferior mean?

Below another structure

What does superior mean?

Above another structure

What does anterior mean?

Toward the front of the body

What does posterior mean?

Toward the back of the body

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the trunk

What does distal mean?

Farther from the trunk

What does superficial mean?

Close to the surface

What does deep mean?

Farther from the surface

What is the anatomical term for the ankle?

Tarsal

What is the anatomical term for the foot?

Pedal

What is the anatomical term for the arm?

Brachial

What is the anatomical term for the forearm?

Antebrachial

What is the anatomical term for the thigh?

Femoral

What is the anatomical term for the lower leg?

Crural

What is the anatomical term for the knee?

Patellar

What is the anatomical term for the chest?

Thoracic

What is the anatomical term for the abdomen?

Abdominal

What cavity houses the brain?

Cranial cavity

What cavity houses the spinal cord?

Spinal cavity

What cavity contains the heart and lungs?

Thoracic cavity

What cavity contains digestive organs?

Abdominal cavity

What cavity contains reproductive organs?

Pelvic cavity

What are the two main dorsal cavities?

Cranial and spinal

What are the main ventral cavities?

Thoracic and abdominopelvic

What is positive feedback?

Amplifies or increases change

What is an example of positive feedback?

Childbirth contractions

What is negative feedback?

Reverses a change to maintain balance

How does insulin act as negative feedback?

Lowers high blood sugar

What type of feedback is most common in the body?

Negative feedback

What is the main function of the integumentary system?

Protection and temperature regulation

What is the main function of the nervous system?

Rapid communication and control

What system controls hormones?

Endocrine system

What system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Respiratory system

What system transports nutrients and oxygen?

Circulatory system

What system removes metabolic waste?

Excretory (urinary) system

What system breaks down food?

Digestive system

What system supports and protects the body?

Skeletal system

What system allows movement?

Muscular system

What is flexion?

Bending a joint

What is extension?

Straightening a joint

What is abduction?

Movement away from the midline

What is adduction?

Movement toward the midline

What is rotation?

Turning around an axis

What is dorsiflexion?

Toes move upward

What is plantar flexion?

Toes move downward

What tissue type covers surfaces and lines organs?

Epithelial tissue

What tissue type supports and binds?

Connective tissue

What tissue type causes movement?

Muscle tissue

What tissue type transmits signals?

Nervous tissue

What is the main protective function of skin?

Prevents injury and infection

How does skin help regulate temperature?

Sweating and blood flow control

How does skin assist with vitamin D production?

UV light activates vitamin D synthesis

How does skin function in detection?

Sensory receptors detect stimuli

How does skin aid in excretion?

Removes waste through sweat

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, movement, blood cell production

Where are blood cells produced?

Bone marrow

What minerals are stored in bone?

Calcium and phosphorus

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

Shaft

What is the epiphysis of a long bone?

End of the bone

What is the metaphysis?

Growth region

What type of bone is compact bone?

Dense outer layer

What type of bone is spongy bone?

Porous inner bone

What is the medullary cavity?

Marrow cavity

What is articular cartilage?

Joint cushioning tissue

What is endochondral ossification?

Bone formation from cartilage

What forms first in endochondral ossification?

Cartilage model

What is the primary ossification center?

Diaphysis region

Where are secondary ossification centers located?

Epiphyses

What allows bone length growth?

Epiphyseal (growth) plates

What is an example of a long bone?

Femur

What is an example of a short bone?

Carpals

What is an example of a flat bone?

Skull

What is an example of an irregular bone?

Vertebra

What is a sesamoid bone?

Patella

What is a simple fracture?

Closed fracture

What is a compound fracture?

Open fracture

What is a greenstick fracture?

Incomplete break in children

What is a comminuted fracture?

Bone shattered into pieces

What is a spiral fracture?

Twisting injury fracture

What is a compression fracture?

Bone crushed