Structure and Bonding

what does atom consist of

subatomic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons

crystalline solids

solids where atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a highly ordered structure that creates a crystal lattice (ex. salt, diamond, metals)

amorphous solids

solid where atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern (ex. glass, plastics)

mass number/atomic mass

number of protons and neutrons in the atom

atomic number

number of protons in the atom (also the number of electrons if the atom is neutral)

isotope

two or more types of atoms that have different number of neutrons

valence electron

the electrons on the shell furthest from the nucleus of the atom

ionic bond

transfer of electrons from metal to non-metal atoms

covalent bond

sharing of electrons between non-metal atoms

metallic bond

electrons are spread b/w metal atoms to form a lattice of ions held together by delocalized electrons

element

one kind of atom

compound

a substance that contains more than one element (all compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds)

homogeneous

evenly mixed (ex. sugar water)

heterogeneous

unevenly mixed (ex. water and oil)

states of matter

solid, liquid, gas

how many electrons can the first shell hold

2 e-

how many electrons can the second shell hold

8 e-

how many electrons can the thrid shell hold

18 e-

which electrons of the atoms are involved in ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds

valance electrons

molecule

two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together

is H2O a molecule or compound

both; O and H are chemically bonded together, and they are two different elements

chemically bonded

atoms are held together by shared or transfered electrons (ex. covalent, ionic, metallic bonds)

pure substances

matter made of one type of element or compound

mixtures of two or more substances

solutions: homogeneous and heterogeneoys mixtures; substances are physically blended but not chemically bonded